Logan International Airport

General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport in the East Boston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, United States (and partly in the Town of Winthrop, Massachusetts), is one of the 20 busiest airports in the U.S., with over 26 million passengers a year. The airport serves as a focus city for AirTran Airways, American Airlines, and JetBlue Airways. Retail management is provided by BAA, a British company for Terminals B and E, and Westfield Group of Australia for Terminals A and C.

It covers 2384 acre, has six runways, and employs an estimated 16,000 people. The airport has service to destinations in the United States, as well as Canada, the Caribbean, Europe, and Mexico. The distinctive central control tower, nearly a dozen stories high, is a local landmark with its pair of segmented elliptical pylons and a six-story platform trussed between them.

Boston Logan Airport is the 12th busiest airport in the USA based on international traffic. This is mainly because of the lack of variety of international departures throughout other New England airports. In 2005, it handled 3,902,000 international passengers. Logan is the largest airport in New England. Currently New England’s largest transportation center, Logan ranks 20th in the nation in passenger volume and 19th in flight movements, employs approximately 16,000 direct workers and stimulates the New England regional economy by approximately $7.6 billion per year, generating $559.4 million in state and local tax receipts.

Boston is the largest metropolitan area of the United States which does not serve as a hub for any full service airline. It is however a secondary hub (or focus city) for American Airlines, Airtran Airways, and JetBlue. US Airways also carries out many operations from Boston Logan International Airport, and all major airlines fly to Boston from all or the majority of their primary and secondary hubs. It is also a destination of many major European airlines.

As of May 2010, Logan ranks 25th for delayed domestic departures, and 23rd for delayed domestic arrivals.

History
Originally called Boston Airport, Logan opened on September 8, 1923, and was used primarily by the Massachusetts Air Guard and the Army Air Corps. At that time, it was known as Jeffery Field. The first scheduled commercial passenger flights were initiated by Colonial Air Transport between Boston and New York City in 1927.

The airport has expanded over the years, including the addition of 1800 acre built on landfill in Boston Harbor and the incorporation of the former Governors, Noddle's and Apple Islands. As a consequence the airport is almost entirely surrounded by water. In 1952, the airport became the first in the United States with an indirect rapid transit connection. In 1956, the state renamed the airport as General Edward Lawrence Logan International Airport after a Spanish-American War officer from South Boston.

The era of the jumbo jet began at Logan during the summer of 1970 when Pan Am inaugurated daily Boeing 747 service to London Heathrow Airport. Non-stop flights to London now are scheduled by British Airways, American Airlines, and Virgin Atlantic.

When Terminal E opened in 1974, it was the second largest international arrivals facility in the United States. Since that time the number of international travelers using Logan has tripled. International long-haul travel has been the fastest growing market sector at Logan and has led the Massachusetts Port Authority (Massport) to embark on a major airport renewal project. The international terminal at Logan has been completely modified and upgraded in recent years. Terminal E is a common-use facility, meaning all ticket counters and gates are shared among the international carriers, except for the counters and gates leased by Southwest Airlines.

Massport's relationship with neighboring communities has been highly strained since the mid-1960s, when the agency took control of a significant parcel of residential land and popular fishing area adjacent to the northwest side of the airfield. This project was undertaken to extend Runway 15R/33L, which would later become Logan's longest runway. Residents of the affected neighborhood, known as Wood Island, were bought out of their homes and forced to relocate. Public opposition came to a head when residents lay down in the streets in an attempt to block bulldozers and supply trucks from reaching the intended construction zone.

Construction has been completed on an additional runway, 14-32. This runway was first proposed in 1973, but had been delayed by court action.

A scene from the 2006 film The Departed was filmed on location at Logan, inside the connector bridge between Terminal E and the Central Parking Garage. Terminal C and several United Airlines aircraft can be seen in the background.

Parts of the recent Delta Air Lines 2007 "Anthem" commercial were filmed inside Terminal A as well as the connector bridge between Terminal A and Central Parking.

On April 9, 2008, Massport announced that Grand China Airlines had formally applied to the Civil Aviation Administration of China for approval to operate daily non-stop passenger flights to Boston from Beijing using Boeing 787 aircraft. According to Massport, due to delays in production of the 787, the service did not begin before 2010. This is also consistent with government regulations on Chinese route approval, which has allocated all Chinese routes up through 2009. Logan last had service to Asia in July 2001, when Korean Air discontinued service to Seoul, Korea, which operated with a stop in Washington, D.C.

In October 2009, US Airways announced that the airline will close its Boston crew base in May 2010. The airline cites an "operations realignment" as the reason for the closure. Over 400 employees are to be transferred or terminated.

Facilities and aircraft
Logan International Airport covers an area of 2384 acre which contains six runways:
 * Runway 4L/22R: 7,861 × 150 ft (2,396 × 46 m), Surface: Asphalt
 * Runway 4R/22L: 10,005 × 150 ft (3,050 × 46 m), Surface: Asphalt
 * Runway 9/27: 7,000 × 150 ft (2,134 × 46 m), Surface: Asphalt
 * Runway 14/32: 5,000 × 100 ft (1,524 × 30 m), Surface: Asphalt
 * Runway 15L/33R: 2,557 × 100 ft (779 × 30 m), Surface: Asphalt
 * Runway 15R/33L: 10,083 × 150 ft (3,073 × 46 m), Surface: Asphalt

For 12-month period ending September 30, 2006, the airport had 409,066 aircraft operations, an average of 1,120 per day: 60% scheduled commercial, 32% air taxi and 8% general aviation.

New runway opens
On November 23, 2006, Runway 14-32 officially opened to air traffic, Logan's first major runway addition in more than forty years. The new runway is unidirectional, with 32 used for landings and 14 for takeoffs. Massport is barred by a court order from using the runway for overland landings or takeoffs, except in emergencies.

Opposition to the construction of 14-32 had been fierce even among residents of nearby communities such as Winthrop and Revere, two areas which were supposed to benefit from a reduction in noise levels once the new runway opened. With construction now having been completed, more wrangling has erupted over guidelines governing use of the new airstrip. Local communities are aggressively pushing for a minimum runway-use threshold of 11.5-knot northwest winds, slightly higher than the 10-knot threshold espoused by Massport. There has also been heated debate over a recent FAA proposal to lower the decision height for pilots.

The new runway reduces the need for the existing Runway 15L-33R, which, at only 2557 ft is among the shortest hard-surface runways at major airports in the United States. In 1988, Massport had proposed an 800 ft extension to this airstrip (a project which would have required additional filling-in of land along an important clam bed), but was thwarted by a court injunction.

Boston's Hyatt Harborside Hotel, which sits only a few hundred yards from the runway threshold, was built primarily to prevent Massport from ever extending 14-32 or using it for takeoffs or landings over the city. Massachusetts lawmakers carefully chose the location of the hotel—directly in the runway centerline—prior to its construction in 1992.

According to Massport records, the very first aircraft to use the new airstrip was a Continental Express ERJ-145 regional jet landing on Runway 32, on the morning of December 2, 2006.

Centerfield taxiway
In April 2007, the FAA issued a green light for construction of a new center field taxiway long-sought by Massport to alleviate airfield congestion. The 9300 ft taxiway is located between, and parallel to, Runways 4R-22L and 4L-22R. News of the project receiving FAA approval angered Logan's neighboring residents. As of July 30, 2009, the new taxiway became operational, ahead of schedule and under budget.

FBOs
The airport is served by several Fixed Base Operators (FBO), which handle fueling, ground handling, aircraft cleaning, cargo service, and aircraft maintenance. They include Swissport USA and Penauille Servisair. General aviation, which is adjacent to the North Cargo area, is handled by Signature Flight Support.

Terminals
Logan International Airport has four terminals, A, B, C, and E, all connected by shuttle buses, as well as between Terminals A, B and E via moving walkways pre-security. Moving walkways also connect the terminals to a central parking garage designed for consolidated service between all 4 terminals and the garage itself. Terminals A, C and E have their own buildings, B is split into north and south. With the exception of Terminal E, each terminal's upper level is for departures, while the lower level is used for arrivals, including terminal roadways. The largest mainline airline at Boston Logan is JetBlue carrying 15.72% of all arriving and departing passengers combined, followed by American Airlines (14.89%), US Airways (14.72%), Delta Air Lines (13.67%), and United Airlines (10.52%). However, these figures may be misleading, since they do not include American Eagle, US Airways Express, or Delta Connection, each of which has significant operations at Logan Airport. The airport has 102 gate positions total, with all 13 of the Terminal E gates being designated as common-use, meaning the gates may be assigned mostly depending on an operational need. The top three domestic airports departing from Logan as of April 2010 are Chicago O'Hare, Hartsfield-Jackson, and New York LaGuardia.

Logan's newly built Terminal A, which replaced a previous building that was once occupied by the now-defunct Eastern Airlines, opened to passengers on March 16, 2005. The building is the first airport terminal in the United States to be LEED certified for environmentally friendly design by the U.S. Green Building Council. Among the building's features are heat-reflecting roof and windows, low-flow faucets and waterless urinals, self-dimming lights, and storm water filtration.

The airport's USO Lounge is located in the baggage claim area of Terminal C, lower level. It offers most typical amenities as other markets as major as Greater Boston. Military ID is mandatory.

Animal Relief Areas, of which Massport dubs as "Petports", are located near the lower level outside of every terminal, offering a grassy area for pets to relieve themselves, and owners to clean up.

The two terminal C security checkpoints currently providing access to Gates 11 through 21 on the left and Gates 25 to 36 on the right are scheduled to be consolidated by the fall of 2010.

Airlines and destinations

 * Note: All international arrivals (except flights with customs preclearance) are handled at Terminal E.

On the night of February 28, 2006, the Terminal D gates (the three gates at the north end of Terminal C) were renumbered and labeled as part of Terminal C.

Airline lounges
Since many major domestic and international airlines have a large presence at Logan, there are several airline lounges actively in operation there.


 * Aer Lingus operates a Gold Circle Lounge in Terminal E.
 * American Airlines operates an Admirals Club in Terminal B.
 * British Airways operates a First Lounge and a Terraces Lounge in Terminal E.
 * Continental Airlines operates a Presidents Club in Terminal A.
 * Delta Air Lines operates a Delta Sky Club in the Satellite Terminal of Terminal A on the 3rd floor, used exclusively for the Sky Club.
 * Lufthansa operates a Senator Lounge and a Business Lounge in Terminal E.
 * United Airlines operates a Red Carpet Club in Terminal C.
 * US Airways operates a US Airways Club in Terminal B.
 * Virgin Atlantic operates a Clubhouse Lounge in Terminal E.

All airline lounges are post-security.

Cargo
Logan Airport has two cargo facilities (North Cargo adjacent to Terminal E and South Cargo adjacent to Terminals A and B). The airport is served by the several cargo carriers:


 * ABX Air
 * AirNet Systems
 * Air Transport International
 * FedEx Express
 * UPS Airlines

Ground transportation
Boston Logan International Airport has the accolade of "Easiest Airport to Get To" in a 2007 article on aviation.com because of the variety of options to/from the airport. These options include cars, taxis, the MBTA Blue and Silver lines, regional bus services, shared ride vans, limousines, and a service offered by few U.S. Airports, Logan Express. Logan is also 3 miles (5 kilometers) northeast of downtown Boston, a very short distance compared to airports in other cities.

The MBTA's Silver Line SL1 bus rapid transit service connects South Station, a major MBTA Commuter Rail, Amtrak, Red Line subway and bus transportation hub in the downtown Boston financial district, with all Logan terminals. Silverline bus tickets are sold in every terminal building to the far right of the lower level. There is also an Airport stop on the MBTA's Blue Line subway service. The Blue Line stop is not in the airport terminal itself; free shuttle buses 55, 22, and 33 provided by Massport bring passengers from the train station to the terminal buildings. Massport's Logan Express bus service also serves the areas of Braintree, Framingham, Peabody, and the Anderson Regional Transportation Center in Woburn for an adult fare of $12.00 one-way and $22.00 round-trip per passenger. Logan Express operates on the lower level curb of all terminals.





Limousine pickup is also very common at the airport. Limousine drivers are not allowed to leave their vehicles at the designated pickup areas and pickup locations vary depending on the terminal. For Terminal A, the pickup location is on the arrival level, outside baggage claim, in a small parking lot across the road. At Terminal E, pickup is also on the arrival level in a small parking lot across the outermost curb. For Terminal B (both American Airlines and US Airways sides), pickup is at the curbside on the departure level at the outermost curb area. At Terminal C, pickup is also on the departure level at the second and third islands from the building.

Taxi operations are coordinated at each terminal by Massport. Massport's regulations have reduced the number of taxis allowed to wait in front of the terminal at any one time, and prohibit taxis from picking up fares at any location other than the designated taxi stands located at each terminal on the lower level curbs on the far left outside of baggage claim. A large staging area near the South Cargo complex serves as the waiting area for taxis, before they are called to the taxi stands to replenish the supply. Metered-rates from Logan to the Boston-area hotels range from approximately $25.00 to $50.00. The airport fee for trips leaving the airport is $2.25. Additionally, the city of Boston charges a $2.75 fee for trips to Logan Airport.

The MBTA operates a water shuttle connecting Logan with downtown Boston, Quincy, and Hull. On demand service from the airport to various locations on the downtown waterfront is provided by a fleet of water taxis. A free shuttle bus ferries passengers between the airport dock and the various terminals.

On Harborside Dr., Logan International Airport offers a 30-minute cell phone waiting lot area, which is complimentary and five minutes from all terminals by car. This convenience service exists to reduce congestion and pollution problems.

By public roads, the airport is accessible via Exit 26 on I-90 near the eastern terminus of the Massachusetts Turnpike of which I-90 ends at and transitions to Route 1A to Lynn and New Hampshire, which provides easy access from the west via the Ted Williams Tunnel. From the south, travellers on Interstate 93 can connect to the Masspike east, through the Ted Williams Tunnel and take exit 26 to reach the airport. From the north, I-93 traffic to the airport uses the Callahan Tunnel, Route 1A North. From the North Shore, access is via Route 1A South. Additionally, road traffic from most of downtown Boston, Back Bay and Fenway/Boston University should use the Callahan Tunnel. The westbound twin tunnel to the Callahan Tunnel is known as the Sumner Tunnel. Eastbound travel through the tunnels is free, but there is a $3.50 toll for westbound travel, and a $5.25 toll for taxis, which passengers are responsible for.

On July 10, 2006, the connector tunnel leading from the Massachusetts Turnpike to the Ted Williams Tunnel was closed due to a ceiling collapse that killed a woman. This complicated airport access from the south and west. This connector tunnel was part of the Big Dig project which extended the Massachusetts Turnpike to the airport via the Ted Williams Tunnel. Access from I-90 Eastbound was restored in August 2006, and access to I-90 Westbound was restored on December 23, 2006. I-90 access was completely restored the weekend of January 14, 2007.

Notable incidents

 * On October 4, 1960, Eastern Air Lines Flight 375 crashed into the sea while attempting to take off from Logan Airport. 62 people died and 9 people survived, incurring serious injuries.


 * On November 15, 1961, A Vickers Viscount N6592C of Northeast Airlines was written off when it collided with a Douglas DC-6 N8228H of National Airlines after landing at Logan International Airport. The DC-6 had started to take-off without receiving clearance to do so.


 * On July 31, 1973, Delta Air Lines Flight 723, operated on a DC-9 airplane, crashed into a seawall at Logan Airport, causing the deaths of all 83 passengers and 6 crew members on board. One of the passengers initially survived the accident but later died in a hospital.


 * On January 23, 1982, World Airways Flight 30 from Newark to Boston made a non-precision instrument approach to runway 15R and touched down 2800 feet past the displaced threshold on an icy runway. When the crew sensed that the DC-10-30-CF couldn't be stopped on the remaining runway, they steered the DC-10 off the side of the runway to avoid the approach light pier, and slid into the shallow water of Boston Harbor. The nose section separated as the DC-10 came to rest 250 feet past the runway end, 110 feet left of the extended centerline. 2 passengers (a father and son) were never found and are presumed to have been swept out to sea.


 * On September 11, 2001, two of the aircraft involved in the 9/11 terrorist attacks, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, departed from Logan International Airport, both bound for Los Angeles and slamming into the North and South Tower, respectively, of New York's World Trade Center. United and American Airlines have mounted American flags on Gates B32 and C19, the gates from which the flights departed that day.


 * On December 22, 2001, Richard Reid attempted to blow up American Airlines Flight 63 with a bomb in his shoe over the Atlantic Ocean. The flight was diverted to Boston after the passengers and crew overpowered and subdued Reid. One flight attendant received minor injuries after being bitten on the thumb by Reid. The flight departed from Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport and its intended destination was Miami International Airport.


 * On June 15, 2010, Alitalia Flight 615, an Airbus A330 with 258 passengers, from Boston, Massachusetts to Rome was forced to make an emergency landing at Logan Airport after an engine failed shortly after take-off.[33] The incident is still under investigation.

Other services
Police services are provided by the Massachusetts State Police Troop F. Fire protection is the responsibility of Massport Fire Rescue. Even though the airport is within city limits, by state law the Boston Police Department does not have jurisdiction on Massport property.

General reliever airports
To address Logan Airport's overcrowding, Massport has designated two out-of-state airports as the second and third airports of Boston: Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, New Hampshire, located approximately 44 statute miles (72 kilometers) north-northwest of Logan, which converts to an average drive time of 48 minutes via I-93; and T. F. Green Airport in Providence, Rhode Island, located 63 statute miles (101 kilometers) south-southwest of Logan, averaging a 1 hour, 8 minute drive to Logan via I-95. Massport does not operate these facilities.

For a time, Massport also operated scheduled flights at Hanscom Field in Bedford, Massachusetts and Worcester Regional Airport in Worcester, each of which are operated by Massport.