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Anwar al-Awlaki

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lead[]

Anwar al-Awlaki
File:Anwar al-Awlaki sitting on couch, lightened.jpg
Born Anwar Nasser Abdulla Aulaqi
April 22, 1971 (1971-04-22) (age 52)[1][2][3]
Las Cruces, New Mexico
Residence Yemen
Alma mater Colorado State University;
San Diego State University;
The George Washington University Graduate School of Education and Human Development
Occupation lecturer
former Imam
reported to be an Al-Qaeda regional commander [4]
Employer Iman University (formerly)
Known for Accused of being senior Al-Qaeda recruiter and motivator linked to various terrorists, and committed to carrying out deadly attacks on Americans and others worldwide[5][6]
Height Template:Convert/and/in[7]
Weight Template:Convert/lbs[7]
Relatives Nasser al-Aulaqi (father)

Anwar al-Awlaki (also spelled Aulaqi; Arabic: أنور العولقي Anwar al-‘Awlaqī; born April 22, 1971 (1971-04-22) (age 52) in Las Cruces, New Mexico) is a dual citizen of the U.S. and Yemen, and of Yemeni descent.[8] He is an Islamic lecturer, spiritual leader, and former imam who has purportedly inspired Islamic terrorists against the West and, according to U.S. government officials, also become “operational” as a senior talent recruiter, motivator, and participant in planning and training "for al-Qaeda and all of its franchises".[3][7][9][10][11][12] Stuart Levey, U.S. Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism, warned that al-Awlaki "is extraordinarily dangerous, committed to carrying out deadly attacks on Americans and others worldwide".[6] With a blog, a Facebook page, and many YouTube videos, he has been described as the "bin Laden of the internet."[13]

Al-Awlaki's sermons were attended by three of the 9/11 hijackers. He reportedly met privately with at least two of the hijackers in San Diego, and one hijacker moved from there to Falls Church, Virginia, as al-Awlaki moved.[14][15] Due in part to those contacts, investigators suspect al-Awlaki may have known about the 9/11 attacks in advance.[14] In 2009, unnamed U.S. officials stated that he had been promoted to the rank of "regional commander" within al-Qaeda, at the time as an inspirational leader.[4][16]

His sermons were also attended by the accused Fort Hood shooter, Nidal Malik Hasan. In addition, U.S. intelligence intercepted at least 18 emails between Hasan and al-Awlaki from December 2008 to June 2009, including one in which Hasan wrote: "I can't wait to join you [in the afterlife]."[17][18] After the Fort Hood shooting, al-Awlaki praised Hasan's actions.[19][20] Hasan also reportedly asked al-Awlaki if a suicide attack is permissible if it kills innocent people.[21]

"Christmas Day bomber" Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab met with al-Awlaki, and said he was one of his al-Qaeda trainers, involved in planning or preparing the attack, and provided religious justification for it, according to unnamed U.S. intelligence officials.[22][23][24] In March 2010, alTemplate:NbhyphAwlaki said in a videotape delivered to CNN that jihad against America was binding upon himself and every other able Muslim.[25][26]

By April 2010, U.S. President Template:Barack Obama approved the targeted killing of al-Awlaki, as officials explained such a step was appropriate for individuals who posed an imminent danger to national security. That step required the consent of the United States National Security Council, and made al-Awlaki the first U.S. citizen ever to be placed on the CIA targeted kill list.[27][28][29][30] In May 2010, Faisal Shahzad, suspected of the 2010 Times Square car bombing attempt, told interrogators that he was "inspired by" al-Awlaki, and sources said Shahzad had made contact with al-Awlaki over the internet.[31][32][33] Representative Jane Harman called him "terrorist number one", and U.S. newspaper Investor's Business Daily called him "the world's most dangerous man".[34][35] In July 2010, the U.S. Treasury Department added him to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists.[5] As of that time, he was believed to be in hiding in Yemen.

Early life[]

Al-Awlaki's parents are from Yemen. Al-Awlaki's father, Nasser al-Aulaqi, earned a master's degree in agricultural economics at New Mexico State University in 1971, received a doctorate at the University of Nebraska, and worked at the University of Minnesota from 1975 to 1977.[12][36] The family returned to Yemen in 1978,[2] where al-Awlaki lived for 11 years and studied at Azal Modern School.[37] His father served as Agriculture Minister and as president of Sanaa University.[12][36][38] Yemen's Prime Minister since March 2007, Ali Mohammed Mujur, is a relative of al-Awlaki.[39]

Al-Awlaki returned to Colorado in 1991 to attend college. He holds a B.S. in Civil Engineering from Colorado State University (1994), which he attended on a foreign student visa and a government scholarship from Yemen, reportedly by claiming to be born in that country,[40] where he was President of the Muslim Student Association.[37] He also earned an M.A. in Education Leadership from San Diego State University. He worked on a Doctorate degree in Human Resource Development at George Washington University Graduate School of Education & Human Development from January to December 2001.[7][36][41][42][43][44][45][46]

His Islamic education consists of a few intermittent months with various scholars, and reading works by several prominent Islamic scholars.[47] Puzzled Muslim scholars say they do not understand his popularity, because while he speaks English and can therefore reach a large non-Arabic-speaking audience, alTemplate:NbhyphAwlaki lacks formal Islamic training or study.[48] Douglas Murray, executive director of the Centre for Social Cohesion, a think tank that studies British radicalization, says: "they will routinely describe Awlaki as a vital and highly respected scholar, [while he] is actually an al-Qaida-affiliate nut case."[48]

Ideology[]

Al-Awlaki has been called an Islamic fundamentalist and is accused of encouraging terrorism.[38][43][49][50] According to some analysts, al-Awlaki is an adherent of the Wahhabi Wikipedia fundamentalist sect of Islam.[49][50] Harry Helms, author of a self-published book[51] on 9/11, called his sermons extremely anti-Israel and pro-jihad.[49] Salafi observers of his public statements say that al-Awlaki was initially a more "moderate" Muslim Brotherhood preacher, but when the U.S. began its post-9/11 "war on terror" he appeared to develop animosity towards the U.S. around 2003 and become a proponent of Takfiri and Jihadi thinking, while still retaining Qutbism.[52]

While imprisoned in Yemen, al-Awlaqi became influenced by the works of Sayyid Qutb an originator of the contemporary "anti-Western Jihadist movement."[53] He would read 150–200 pages a day of Qutb's works, describing himself during the course of his reading as "so immersed with the author I would feel Sayyid was with me in my cell speaking to me directly.”[53]

He has been noted for attracting young men with his lectures, especially U.S.-based and Britain-based Muslims.[54][55] Terrorism consultant Evan Kohlmann calls al-Awlaki "one of the principal jihadi luminaries for would-be homegrown terrorists. His fluency with English, his unabashed advocacy of jihad and mujahideen organizations, and his Web-savvy approach are a powerful combination." He calls al-Awlaki's lecture "Constants on the Path of Jihad", which he says was based on a similar document written by al-Qaeda's founder, the "virtual bible for lone-wolf Muslim extremists."[56] Philip Mudd, formerly of the C.I.A.’s Counterterrorism Center and the F.B.I.'s top intelligence adviser, said: "He’s a magnetic character. He’s a powerful orator."[37]

Later life, and alleged ties to terrorism[]

Main article: Anwar al-Awlaki:Later life

Current status[]

Al-Awlaki's father proclaimed his son's innocence in an interview with CNN's Paula Newton, saying: "I am now afraid of what they will do with my son. He's not Osama bin Laden, they want to make something out of him that he's not." Responding to a Yemeni official's claims that his son was hiding in in the southern mountains of Yemen with al-Qaeda, Nasser said: "He's dead wrong. What do you expect my son to do? There are missiles raining down on the village. He has to hide. But he is not hiding with al-Qaeda; our tribe is protecting him right now." The Awlaq tribe is large and powerful, with a number of connections to the Yemeni government. "He has been wrongly accused, it's unbelievable. He lived his life in America; he's an all-American boy", said his father.[57]

The Yemeni government negotiated with tribal leaders, trying to convince them to hand al-Awlaki over.[58] Reportedly, Yemeni authorities offered guarantees they would not turn al-Awlaki over to the U.S. or let him be questioned.[58] The governor of Shabwa said in January 2010 that al-Awlaki was on the move with a group of al-Qaeda elements from Shabwa, including Fahd Mohammed Ahmed al-Quso, who is wanted in connection with the bombing of the USS Cole.[58]

In January 2010 White House lawyers considered the legality of attempting to kill al-Awlaki, given his U.S. citizenship; reportedly, opportunities to do so "may have been missed" because of legal questions surrounding such an attack.[59] But on February 4, 2010, The New York Daily News reported that al-Awlaki is "now on a targeting list signed off on by the Obama administration."[60]

"Terrorist No. 1, in terms of threat against us.”[28]

— Representative Jane Harman, (D-CA), Chairwoman of House Subcommittee on Homeland Security

On April 6, The New York Times also reported that President Obama had authorized the targeted killing of al-Awlaki.[28] The CIA and the U.S. military both maintain lists of terrorists linked to al-Qaeda and its affiliates who are approved for capture or killing.[28] Because he is a U.S. citizen, his inclusion on those lists was approved by the National Security Council.[28] U.S. officials said it is extremely rare, if not unprecedented, for an American to be approved for targeted killing.[28] The New York Times reported that international law allows the use of lethal force against people who pose an imminent threat to a country, and U.S. officials said that was the standard used in adding names to the target list.[28] In addition, Congress approved the use of military force against al-Qaeda after 9/11.[28] People on the target list are considered military enemies of the U.S., and therefore not subject to a ban on political assassinations approved by former President Gerald Ford.[61] The tribe wrote, “We warn against cooperating with America to kill Sheik Anwar al-Awlaki. We will not stand by idly and watch.”[61]

Al-Alaki's conversations with Hasan were never released, and he has not been placed on the FBI Most Wanted list, indicted for treason, or officially named as a co-conspirator with Hasan. The U.S. government has been reluctant to classify the Fort Hood shooting as a terrorist incident, or identify any motive. The Wall Street Journal reported in January 2010 that al-Awlaki: "has never been indicted in the U.S."[62] Al-Awlaki's father, tribe, and supporters have denied his alleged associations with Al-Qaeda and Islamic terrorism.[4][7][63]

In a video clip bearing the imprint of al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula, issued on April 16 in al-Qaeda's monthly magazine Sada Al-Malahem, al-Awlaki said: "What am I accused of? Of calling for the truth? Of calling for jihad for the sake of Allah? Of calling to defend the causes of the Islamic nation?".[64] In the video he also praises both Abdulmutallab and Hasan, and describes both as his "students".[65]

In late April, Representative Charlie Dent (Republican-PA) introduced a resolution urging the U.S. State Department to issue a "certificate of loss of nationality" to al-Awlaki. He said al-Awlaki "preaches a culture of hate" and had been a functioning member of al-Qaeda "since before 9/11", and had effectively renounced his citizenship by engaging in treasonous acts.[66]

By May, U.S. officials believed he had become “operational,” plotting, not just inspiring, terrorism against the West.[37] Former colleague Abdul-Malik said he "is a terrorist, in my book", and advised shops not to carry even the earlier, non-jihadist al-Awlaki sermons.[37] In an editorial, Investor's Business Daily called Awlaki the "world's most dangerous man", and recommended that Awlaki be added to the FBI's most-wanted terrorist list, put a bounty on his head, name him as a "specially designated global terrorist" like Zindani, charge him with treason and file extradition orders with the Yemeni government. IBD pointed out that the Justice Department has already done this for Adam Gadahn, an American who has joined Al Queda in Pakistan, but criticized the department for stonewalling Sen. Joe Lieberman's security panel's investigation of Awlaki's role in the Fort Hood massacre. [67]

On July 16, the U.S. Treasury Department added him to its list of Specially Designated Global Terrorists.[5] As a result any U.S. bank accounts he may have will be frozen, Americans are forbidden from doing business with him, and he is banned from traveling to the U.S.[5] Stuart Levey, Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, said al-Awlaki "has proven that he is extraordinarily dangerous, committed to carrying out deadly attacks on Americans and others worldwide", and "has involved himself in every aspect of the supply chain of terrorism-fundraising for terrorist groups, recruiting and training operatives, and planning and ordering attacks on innocents".[5][6]

Lawsuit against the CIA[]

In July 2010, Anwar's father, Nasser al-Awlaki, contracted the Center for Constitutional Rights Wikipedia and the American Civil Liberties Union Wikipedia to represent his son in a lawsuit which seeks to remove Anwar from the target list. ACLU's Jameel Jaffer stated

"the United States is not at war in Yemen, and the government doesn’t have a blank check to kill terrorism suspects wherever they are in the world. Among the arguments we’ll be making is that, outside actual war zones, the authority to use lethal force is narrowly circumscribed, and preserving the rule of law depends on keeping this authority narrow."[68]


Lawyers for Specially Designated Global Terrorists must obtain a special license from the U.S. Treasury before they can represent their clients in court.[69] The request for a license was made on July 23.[68] On August 3, the groups filed their own lawsuit arguing that the licensing requirement was unconstitutional. They received the license on August 4 but still plan to press ahead with the licensing lawsuit.[69]

On August 30, the groups filed the "targeted killing" lawsuit, naming U.S. President Barack Obama Wikipedia, CIA directory Leon Panetta, and Secretary of Defense Robert Gates as defendants.[70][71] They seek one injunction preventing the targeted killing of al-Awlaki and another requiring the government to disclose the standards under which U.S. citizens may be "targeted for death."

Works[]

The Nine Eleven Finding Answers Foundation says Al-Awlaki's ability to write and speak in straight-forward English enables him to be a key player in inciting English-speaking Muslims to commit terrorist acts.[47] As al-Awlaki himself wrote in 44 Ways to Support Jihad:

Most of the Jihad literature is available only in Arabic and publishers are not willing to take the risk of translating it. The only ones who are spending the time and money translating Jihad literature are the Western intelligence services ... and too bad, they would not be willing to share it with you.[47]

Written works[]

  • 44 Ways to Support Jihad—Essay (January 2009)—A practical step-by-step guide to pursuing or supporting jihad.[72] Writes: "The hatred of kuffar [those who reject Islam] is a central element of our military creed," and asserts that all Muslims must participate in Jihad in person, by funding it, or by writing. Says all Muslims must remain physically fit, and train with firearms "to be ready for the battlefield."[47][73] Considered a key text for al-Qaeda members.[74]
  • Al-Awlaki has also written for Jihad Recollections, an English language online publication published by Al-Fursan Media.[75]
  • Allah is Preparing Us for Victory – short book (2009).[76]

Lectures[]

  • Lectures on the book Constants on the Path of Jihad by Yousef Al-Ayyiri—concerns leaderless jihad.[47]
  • Numerous lectures have been posted to YouTube on various channels such as this and this
  • The Battle of Hearts and Minds
  • The Dust Will Never Settle Down
  • Dreams & Interpretations
  • The Hereafter—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions—describes the women, mansions, and pleasures of paradise.[7]
  • Life of Muhammad: Makkan Period—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions
  • Life of Muhammad: Medinan Period—Lecture in 2 Parts—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions
  • Lives of the Prophets (AS)—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions
  • Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA): His Life & Times—15 CDs—Al Basheer Productions
  • Umar ibn al-Khattāb (RA): His Life & Times—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions
  • 25 Promises from Allah to the Believer—2 CDs—Noor Productions
  • Companions of the Ditch & Lessons from the Life of Musa (AS)—2 CDs—Noor Productions
  • Remembrance of Allah & the Greatest Ayah—2 CDs—Noor Productions
  • Stories from Hadith—4 CDs—Center for Islamic Information and Education ("CIIE")
  • Hellfire & The Day of Judgment—CD—CIIE
  • Quest for Truth: The Story of Salman Al-Farsi (RA)—CD—CIIE
  • Trials & Lessons for Muslim Minorities—CD—CIIE
  • Young Ayesha (RA) & Mothers of the Believers (RA)—CD—CIIE
  • Understanding the Quran—CD—CIIE
  • Lessons from the Companions (RA) Living as a Minority'—CD—CIIE
  • Virtues of the Sahabah—video lecture series promoted by the al-Wasatiyyah Foundation

References[]

  1. ↑ Murphy, Dan (November 10, 2009). "Fort Hood shooting: Was Nidal Malik Hasan inspired by militant cleric?". Christian Science Monitor (Boston). Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 UPI staff reporter (November 11, 2009). "Imam in Fort Hood case born in New Mexico". United Press International. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Cardona, Felisa (December 3, 2009). "U.S. attorney defends dropping radical cleric's case in 2002". The Denver Post. Retrieved December 7, 2009. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sudarsan, Raghavan; Michael D. Shear (December 25, 2009). "U.S.-aided attack in Yemen thought to have killed Aulaqi, 2 al-Qaeda leaders". Washington Post. Retrieved December 25, 2009. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 Sullivan, Eileen; Lee, Matthew (July 16, 2010). "US-born radical cleric added to terror blacklist". Washingtonpost.com. Retrieved July 17, 2010. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Treasury designates Anwar al-Awlaki key leader of AQAP – This Just In". CNN. July 13, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2010. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named inf
  8. ↑ Fox News staff (April 21, 2010). "Congressman Wants Radical Cleric's Citizenship Revoked". FoxNews.com. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  9. ↑ Orr, Bob (December 30, 2009). "Al-Awlaki May Be Al Qaeda Recruiter". CBS News. Retrieved December 31, 2009. 
  10. ↑ Meek, James Gordon (November 9, 2009). "Fort Hood gunman Nidal Hasan 'is a hero': Imam who preached to 9/11 hijackers in Va. praises attack". New York Daily News. Retrieved November 12, 2009. 
  11. ↑ Shephard, Michelle (October 18, 2009). "The powerful online voice of jihad". Toronto Star. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Sharpe, Tom (November 14, 2009). "Radical imam traces roots to New Mexico; Militant Islam cleric's father graduated from NMSU". The Santa Fe New Mexican. Archived from the original on January 5, 2013. Retrieved December 1, 2009. 
  13. ↑ Morris, Loveday (January 2, 2010). "The anatomy of a suicide bomber". The National (Abu Dhabi). Retrieved January 2, 2010. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named how
  15. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named cha
  16. ↑ Usborne, David; The Centre for Social Cohesion, a British think-tank (April 8, 2010). "Obama orders US-born cleric to be shot on sight". Americas, World (London: The Independent). Retrieved May 11, 2010. 
  17. ↑ Raghavan, Sudarsan (November 16, 2009). "Cleric says he was confidant to Hasan: In Yemen, al-Aulaqi tells of e-mail exchanges, says he did not instigate rampage". Washington Post. Retrieved January 24, 2010. 
  18. ↑ Ross, Brian; Rhonda Schwartz (November 19, 2009). "Major Hasan's E-Mail: 'I Can't Wait to Join You' in Afterlife". The Blotter from Brian Ross (ABC News). Retrieved April 9, 2010. 
  19. ↑ Esposito, Richard; Matthew Cole and Brian Ross (November 9, 2009). "Officials: U.S. Army Told of Hasan's Contacts with al Qaeda; Army Major in Fort Hood Massacre Used 'Electronic Means' to Connect with Terrorists". The Blotter from Brian Ross (ABC News). Retrieved May 11, 2010. 
  20. ↑ Meyer, Josh (November 9, 2009). "Fort Hood shooting suspect's ties to mosque investigated". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 13, 2009. 
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lev
  22. ↑ Bennett, Chuck (January 3, 2010). "Ft. Hood link in 'crotch' case". The New York Post. Retrieved January 21, 2010. 
  23. ↑ CBS News staff (December 29, 2009). "Did Abdulmutallab Talk to Radical Cleric?". CBS News. Retrieved January 4, 2010. 
  24. ↑ Meyer, Josh (December 31, 2009). "U.S.-born cleric linked to airline bombing plot". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  25. ↑ Newton, Paula (March 10, 2010). "Purported al-Awlaki message calls for jihad against U.S.". CNN.com. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  26. ↑ Newton, Paula (March 10, 2010). "CNN Report: A Message From Anwar Al-Awlaki". YouTube. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  27. ↑ Miller, Greg (April 6, 2010). "Muslim cleric Aulaqi is 1st U.S. citizen on list of those CIA is allowed to kill". Washington Post. Retrieved April 9, 2010. 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 28.4 28.5 28.6 28.7 Shane, Scott (April 6, 2010). "U.S. Approves Targeted Killing of American Cleric". New York Times. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 
  29. ↑ Leonard, Tom (April 7, 2010). "Barack Obama orders killing of US cleric Anwar al-Awlaki". London: Telegraph (UK). Retrieved April 8, 2010. 
  30. ↑ Fox News staff (May 1, 2010). "Times Square Suspect Contacted Radical Cleric". NewsCore. MyFoxDetroit.com. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  31. ↑ Dreazen, Yochi J.; Perez, Evan (May 6, 2010). "Suspect Cites Radical Imam's Writings". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved May 6, 2010. 
  32. ↑ Herridge, Catherine (May 6, 2010). "Times Square Bomb Suspect a 'Fan' of Prominent Radical Cleric, Sources Say". FoxNews.com. Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  33. ↑ Esposito, Richard; Chris Vlasto and Chris Cuomo (May 6, 2010). "Faisal Shahzad Had Contact With Anwar Awlaki, Taliban, and Mumbai Massacre Mastermind, Officials Say". The Blotter from Brian Ross (ABC News). Retrieved May 7, 2010. 
  34. ↑ "Awlaki Not Among FBI’s ‘Most Wanted’ Terrorists; No Reward Offered for His Capture May 24, 2010, by Patrick Goodenough". Cnsnews.com. May 24, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2010. 
  35. ↑ May 10, 2010 editorial in the Investor's Business Daily
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Raghavan, Sudarsan (December 10, 2009). "Cleric linked to Fort Hood attack grew more radicalized in Yemen". Washington Post. Retrieved December 10, 2009. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 37.4 Shane, Scott; Souad Mekhennet (May 8, 2010). "Anwar al-Awlaki – From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad". New York Times. Retrieved May 9, 2010. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Shane, Scott (November 18, 2009). "Born in U.S., a Radical Cleric Inspires Terror". New York Times. Retrieved November 20, 2009. 
  39. ↑ Newton, Paula (February 2, 2010). "Al-Awlaki's father asks Obama to end manhunt". CNN. Retrieved February 2, 2010. 
  40. ↑ Herridge, Catherine (April 12, 2010). "Radical Muslim Cleric Lied to Qualify for U.S.-Funded College Scholarship". FoxNews.com. Retrieved April 16, 2010. 
  41. ↑ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (July 22, 2004). "9–11 Commission Report". Chapter 7, The Attack Looms. US Government Printing Office. pp. 221, 229–230. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  42. ↑ National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (July 22, 2004). "9–11 Commission Report". Appendix. US Government Printing Office. p. 434. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Schmidt, Susan (February 26, 2008). "Imam From Va. Mosque Now Thought to Have Aided Al-Qaeda". Washington Post. Retrieved November 20, 2009. 
  44. ↑ Crummy, Karen E (December 1, 2009). "Warrant withdrawn in 2002 for radical cleric who praised Fort Hood suspect". The Denver Post. Retrieved January 24, 2010. 
  45. ↑ Associated Press staff (December 2, 2009). "Colo. feds look at Fort Hood connection to cleric". Associated Press. ABC News. Retrieved December 7, 2009. 
  46. ↑ Rooney, Katie (September 6, 2005). "Ex-student and chaplain tied to 9/11 hijackers in report". The GW Hatchet. Retrieved May 11, 2010. 
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 NEFA Foundation staff (February 5, 2009). "Anwar al Awlaki: Pro Al-Qaida Ideologue with Influence in the West: A NEFA Backgrounder on Anwar al Awlaki". The NEFA Foundation. Retrieved December 2, 2009. 
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 Temple-Raston, Dina (February 19, 2010). "Officials: Cleric Had Role In Christmas Bomb Attempt". All Things Considered (National Public Radio). Retrieved March 13, 2010. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Helms, Harry (2008). 40 Lingering Questions About The 9/11 Attacks. CreateSpace (self publisher). p. 55. ISBN Wikipedia 1438295308. Retrieved November 11, 2009. 
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 Allam, Hannah (November 22, 2009). "Is imam a terror recruiter or just an incendiary preacher?". McClatchy. McClatchyDC.com. Retrieved May 9, 2010. 
  51. ↑ Publishing house CreateSpace is a self-publisher, see; CreateSpace.com
  52. ↑ Self-published e-book (2009) (PDF, 132 pages). A Critique of the Methodology of Anwar al-Awlaki. SalafiManHaj.com. 
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 "Imam’s Path From Condemning Terror to Preaching Jihad". The New York Times. May 8, 2010. Retrieved May 13, 2010. 
  54. ↑ Temple-Raston, Dina (December 30, 2009). "In Bomb Plot Probe, Spotlight Falls On Yemeni Cleric". NPR.org. Retrieved April 16, 2010. 
  55. ↑ Ghosh, Bobby (January 13, 2010). "How Dangerous Is the Cleric Anwar al-Awlaki?". Time. Retrieved April 16, 2010. 
  56. ↑ Meyer, Josh (November 9, 2009). "Fort Hood shooting suspect's ties to mosque investigated". Latimes.com. Retrieved January 24, 2010. 
  57. ↑ Newton, Paula (January 10, 2010). "Al-Awlaki's father: My son is 'not Osama bin Laden'". CNN. Retrieved January 10. 2010. 
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Keath, Lee; Ahmed Al-Haj (January 19, 2010). "Tribe in Yemen protecting US cleric". Associated Press. ABC News. Retrieved May 11, 2010. 
  59. ↑ Cole, Matthew; Richard Esposito and Brian Ross (January 25, 2010). "U.S. Mulls Legality of Killing American al Qaeda 'Turncoat'; Opportunities to 'Take Out' Radical Cleric Anwar Awlaki In Yemen 'May Have Been Missed'". ABC News. Retrieved April 7, 2010. 
  60. ↑ Meek, James Gordon (February 4, 2010). "Experts: Al Qaeda in Yemen may send American jihadis, recruited by Anwar al-Awlaki, to attack U.S.". New York Daily News. Retrieved February 4, 2010. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Reuters staff (April 9, 2010). "Yemen: Warning by Cleric’s Tribe". Reuters. The New York Times. Retrieved April 11, 2010. 
  62. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named coker1
  63. ↑ Atta, Nasser; Brian Ross and Matthew Cole (December 31, 2009). "Awlaki: I'm Alive Says Yemen Radical Anwar Awlaki Despite U.S. Attack". ABC News. Retrieved April 9, 2010. 
  64. ↑ Arrabyee, Nasser (May 5, 2010). "Keeping score:Al-Qaeda has a hit list, but so does the CIA. Whose better reflects reality, wonders Nasser Arrabyee". Al-Ahram Weekly (Cairo,Egyptwork=Opinion). Retrieved May 9, 2010. 
  65. ↑ "Detroit jet bomb suspect Abdulmutallab 'shown in video'". BBC News. April 27, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  66. ↑ Levine, Mike (April 22, 2010). "Rep. Introduces Resolution to Strip Radical Cleric of US Citizenship". Fox News Covers Congress (FoxNews.com). Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  67. ↑ "IBD Editorials Awlaki Strikes Again". Investors Business Daily. April 22, 2010. Retrieved May 10, 2010. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 Mark Wilson (August 5, 2010). "CIA on the verge of lawsuit". Seer Press News. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 "Lawyers Win Right to Aid U.S. Target". New York Times. August 4, 2010. 
  70. ↑ Spencer S. Hsu (August 31, 2010). "Rights groups sue over U.S. authority to use terror kill list". Washington Post. 
  71. ↑ Arthur B. Spitzer (August 30, 2010). "COMPLAINT FOR DECLARATORY AND INJUNCTIVE RELIEF (Violation of constitutional rights and international law – targeted killing)". 
  72. ↑ Coughlin, Con; Philip Sherwell (May 2, 2010). "American drones deployed to target Yemeni terrorist". London: Telegraph (UK). Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  73. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named dt
  74. ↑ "Who is Anwar al-Awlaki?". World Opinion (The Week). April 7, 2010. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  75. ↑ ADL staff (May 7, 2010 updated). "Profile: Anwar al-Awlaki,Introduction". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved May 12, 2010. 
  76. ↑ Al-Awlaqi, Anwar (between 2004–09). ""Allah Is Preparing Us for Victory". amazon.com. Retrieved April 6, 2010. 

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