Brock911 Wiki
Don't have an account?
Register
Register
in: Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments, Pages with reference errors, Articles with dead external links,
and 12 more

Changes: September 11 attacks

Back to page
Edit
m (fixing dead links)
Tag: Visual edit
Line 21: Line 21:
 
===lead===
  
===lead===
 
{{update}}
  
{{update}}
  ⚫
[[10048 (ZIP code)|90 Church Street]] had moderate damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch7.pdf|title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings |month=May|year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> They have since been restored. Communications equipment on top of the North Tower, including broadcast radio, television and [[two-way radio]] antenna towers, was also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.<ref name="wtcstudy">{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |month=May|year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| last=Bloomfield| first=Larry| url=http://sysdesignshowcase.broadcastengineering.com/ar/broadcasting_new_york_broadcasters| title=New York broadcasters rebuild| publisher=Broadcast Engineering| date=October 1, 2001| accessdate=May 18, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=June 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf |title=The Pentagon Building Performance Report |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) |month=January|year=2003| accessdate=May 20, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>
−
The '''September 11 attacks''' (often referred to as '''September&nbsp;11th''' or '''9/11''') were a series of coordinated suicide attacks by [[al-Qaeda]] upon the United States on September 11, 2001. On that morning, 19 al-Qaeda terrorists hijacked four commercial passenger jet airliners.<ref name="SecCounc">{{cite web|title=Security Council Condemns, 'In Strongest Terms', Terrorist Attacks on the United States|publisher=United Nations|date=September 12, 2001|url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2001/SC7143.doc.htm|accessdate=September 11, 2006|quote=The Security Council today, following what it called yesterday’s "horrifying terrorist attacks" in New York, Washington, D.C., and Pennsylvania, unequivocally condemned those acts, and expressed its deepest sympathy and condolences to the victims and their families and to the people and Government of the United States.}}</ref><ref name="cbc-2004">{{cite news|title = Bin Laden claims responsibility for 9/11|publisher = CBC News|date= October 29, 2004|url = http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2004/10/29/binladen_message041029.html|accessdate = January 11, 2009 |quote=al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden appeared in a new message aired on an Arabic TV station Friday night, for the first time claiming direct responsibility for the 2001 attacks against the United States.}}</ref> The hijackers intentionally crashed two of the airliners into the Twin Towers of the [[World Trade Center]], killing everyone on board and many others working in the buildings. Both buildings collapsed within two hours, destroying nearby buildings and damaging others. The hijackers crashed a third airliner into [[The Pentagon]] in Arlington, Virginia, just outside Washington, D.C. The fourth plane crashed into a field near [[Shanksville, Pennsylvania]] after some of its passengers and flight crew attempted to retake control of the plane, which the hijackers had redirected toward Washington, D.C. There were no survivors from any of the flights.
  
−  
−
The death toll of the attacks was 2,996, including the 19 hijackers.<ref name="f2977">{{cite news |title=Local events honor 9/11 victims, heroes |url=http://www.reporterherald.com/news_story.asp?ID=24812 |publisher=Loveland Reporter-Herald |date=September 11, 2009 |accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref> The overwhelming majority of casualties were civilians, including nationals of over 70 countries.<ref name="countries_deaths">{{Cite document|title=A list of the 77 countries whose citizens died as a result of the attacks on September 11, 2001|publisher=[[Bureau of International Information Programs|U.S. Department of State, Office of International Information Programs]]|url=http://www.interpol.int/public/ICPO/speeches/20020911List77Countries.asp|postscript=<!--None-->}}</ref> In addition, there is at least one secondary death – one person was ruled by a medical examiner to have died from lung disease due to exposure to dust from the World Trade Center's collapse.<ref name="DustDeath">{{cite web|title= Toxic dust adds to WTC death toll|publisher= msnbc.com| date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/|accessdate=September 6, 2009}}</ref>
  
−  
−
The United States responded to the attacks by launching the [[War on Terrorism]]: it [[invaded Afghanistan]] to depose the [[Taliban]], who had harbored al-Qaeda terrorists. The United States also enacted the {{wplink|USA PATRIOT Act}}. Many other countries also strengthened their anti-terrorism legislation and expanded law enforcement powers. Some American stock exchanges stayed closed for the rest of the week following the attack and posted enormous losses upon reopening, especially in the airline and insurance industries. The destruction of billions of dollars worth of office space caused serious damage to the economy of Lower Manhattan.
  
−  
−
The damage to the Pentagon was cleared and repaired within a year, and the [[Pentagon Memorial]] was built adjacent to the building. The rebuilding process has started on the [[World Trade Center site]]. In 2006 a new office tower was completed on the site of [[7 World Trade Center]]. [[1 World Trade Center]] is currently under construction at the site and, at 1,776&nbsp;ft (541&nbsp;m) upon completion in 2013, it will become one of the tallest buildings in North America. Three more towers were originally expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site. Ground was broken for the [[Flight 93 National Memorial]] on November 8, 2009, and the first phase of construction is expected to be ready for the 10th anniversary of the attacks on September 11, 2011.<ref>[http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5g6VDpPx3zLxo6gOQ90dfY8Qdl5IgD9BQUD580 Ground broken for Flight 93 memorial in Pa.]{{Dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref>
  
−  
−
==Attacks==
  
−
===pt 1===
  
−
{{Main|Timeline for the day of the September 11 attacks}}
  
−
[[File:911 - FEMA - WTC impacts (graphic).png|thumb|left|Map showing the attacks on the World Trade Center.]]
  
−
[[File:World trade center 2.jpg|thumb|The World Trade Center Towers on fire and the collapse of the South Tower]]
  
−
[[File:September 11 2001 just collapsed.jpg|thumb|View of the World Trade Center shortly after both towers fell]]
  
−
Early on the morning of September 11, 2001, [[Organizers of the September 11 attacks|nineteen hijackers]] took control of four commercial airliners en route to San Francisco and Los Angeles from Boston, Newark, and Washington, D.C. ([[Washington Dulles International Airport]]).<ref name="SecCounc" /> At 8:46 a.m., [[American Airlines Flight 11]] was crashed into the World Trade Center's North Tower, followed by [[United Airlines Flight 175]] which hit the South Tower at 9:03 a.m.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_AA11.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path%20_Study_UA175.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |format=PDF}}</ref>
  
−  
−
Another group of hijackers flew [[American Airlines Flight 77]] into [[the Pentagon]] at 9:37 a.m.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight_%20Path_%20Study_AA77.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |format=PDF}}</ref> A fourth flight, [[United Airlines Flight 93]] crashed near Shanksville, Pennsylvania at 10:03 a.m, after the passengers on board engaged in a fight with the hijackers. Its ultimate target was thought to be either the Capitol (the meeting place of the [[United States Congress]]) or the [[White House]].<ref name="Chap7">{{cite book |chapter=The Attack Looms |url=http://govinfo.library.unt.edu/911/report/911Report_Ch7.htm |year=2004 |title=9/11 Commission Report |publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States |accessdate=July 2, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ntsb.gov/info/Flight%20_Path_%20Study_UA93.pdf |title=Flight Path Study – United Airlines Flight 93 |publisher=National Transportation Safety Board |date=February 19, 2002 |format=PDF}}</ref>
  
−  
−
In a September 2002 interview conducted by documentary-maker [[Yosri Fouda]], an [[al Jazeera]] journalist, [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] and {{wplink|Ramzi Binalshibh}} stated that the fourth hijacked plane was heading for the United States Capitol, not for the White House. They further stated that Al-Qaeda initially planned to fly hijacked jets into nuclear installations rather than the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, but it was decided not to attack nuclear power plants "for the moment" because of fears it could "get out of control".<ref>{{cite news|title=
  
−
Al-Qaeda 'plotted nuclear attacks'|publisher = BBC News|date =
  
−
September 8, 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2244146.stm |accessdate =Jan 2010}}</ref>
  
−  
−
During the hijacking of the airplanes, the hijackers used weapons to stab and kill aircraft pilots, [[flight attendant]]s and passengers. Reports from phone callers from the planes indicated that knives were used by the hijackers to stab attendants and in at least one case, a passenger, during two of the hijackings.<ref name=911-ch1>{{cite book|url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch1.pdf|title=9/11 Commission Report|chapter=Chapter 1.1: 'We Have Some Planes': Inside the Four Flights|year=2004|publisher=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States|accessdate=April 22, 2009|format=PDF|pages=4–14}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0201/06/lklw.00.html |title=Encore Presentation: Barbara Olson Remembered |work=Larry King Live |publisher=CNN |date=January 6, 2002 |accessdate=November 12, 2008}}</ref>
  
−
<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:WTC en llamas.jpg|left|thumb|The Twin Towers in flames {{puic|WTC en llamas.jpg|2009 May 2}}]] -->
  
−
Some passengers were able to make phone calls using the cabin [[air-ground radiotelephone service|airphone]] service and mobile phones,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20010916phonecallnat3p3.asp |title=The phone line from Flight 93 was still open when a GTE operator heard Todd Beamer say: 'Are you guys ready? Let's roll' |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=September 16, 2001 |author=McKinnon, Jim |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/12/family.reacts/index.html |title=Relatives wait for news as rescuers dig |publisher=CNN |date=September 13, 2001 |accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref> and provide details, including that several [[Organizers of the September 11 attacks|hijackers]] were aboard each plane, that [[mace (spray)|mace]] or other form of noxious chemical spray, such as tear gas or pepper spray was used, and that some people aboard had been stabbed.<ref name="wilgoren">{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B03E5DB1038F930A2575AC0A9679C8B63 |title=On Doomed Flight, Passengers Vowed To Perish Fighting |author=Wilgoren, Jodi and Edward Wong |date=September 13, 2001 |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=November 11, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.latimes.com/2006/apr/11/nation/na-moussa11 |title=Moussaoui Jury Hears the Panic From 9/11 |author=Serrano, Richard A. |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=April 11, 2006 |accessdate=October 24, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2004/01/28/MNGQ04JEEH1.DTL |title=Hijackers used Mace, knives to take over airplanes |publisher=San Francisco Chronicle |date=January 28, 2004 |author=Goo, Sara Kehaulani, Dan Eggen |accessdate=November 12, 2008}}</ref><ref name="CNN1">{{cite news|last = Ahlers| first = Mike M.|title = 9/11 panel: Hijackers may have had utility knives|publisher= CBS News |date= January 27, 2004| url=http://www.cnn.com/2004/US/01/27/911.commis.knife/|accessdate = September 7, 2006}}</ref>
  
−  
−
The [[9/11 Commission]] established that two of the hijackers had recently purchased Leatherman multi-function hand tools.<ref name=commission>{{cite web| title=National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States| url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/archive/hearing7/9-11Commission_Hearing_2004-01-27.htm| publisher=National Commission Upon Terrorist Attacks in the United States| accessdate=January 24, 2008| date=January 27, 2004}}</ref> A flight attendant on Flight 11, a passenger on Flight 175, and passengers on Flight 93 mentioned that the hijackers had bombs, but one of the passengers also mentioned he thought the bombs were fake. No traces of explosives were found at the crash sites, and the 9/11 Commission believed the bombs were probably fake.<ref name=911-ch1/>
  
−  
−
On United Airlines Flight 93, [[cockpit voice recorder]] recordings revealed that crew and passengers attempted to seize control of the plane from the hijackers after learning through phone calls that similarly hijacked planes had been crashed into buildings that morning.<ref name="WP93">{{cite news |first=David |last=Snyder |title=Families Hear Flight 93's Final Moments |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A12262-2002Apr18 |publisher=The Washington Post |date=April 19, 2002 |accessdate=April 23, 2008}}</ref> According to the transcript of Flight 93's recorder, one of the hijackers gave the order to roll the plane once it became evident that they would lose control of the plane to the passengers.<ref name="Fox93Xscript">{{cite news |title=Text of Flight 93 Recording |publisher=Fox News |date=April 12, 2006 |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,191520,00.html |accessdate=April 22, 2008}}</ref> Soon afterward, the aircraft crashed into a field near Shanksville in Stonycreek Township, Somerset County, Pennsylvania, at 10:03:11&nbsp;a.m. local time (14:03:11&nbsp;UTC). [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], organizer of the attacks, mentioned in a 2002 interview with Yosri Fouda that Flight 93's target was the United States Capitol, which was given the code name "the Faculty of Law".<ref>{{cite book |author=Fouda, Yosri and Nick Fielding |title=Masterminds of Terror |publisher=Arcade Publishing |year=2004 |pages=158–159 |isbn=1559707089}}</ref>
  
−  
−
Three buildings in the World Trade Center Complex [[Collapse of the World Trade Center|collapsed]] due to structural failure on the day of the attack.<ref name="WPCollapse">{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Miller |title=Report Assesses Trade Center's Collapse |url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A11614-2002Apr30?language=printer |publisher=The Washington Post |date=May 1, 2002 |accessdate=April 23, 2008|archiveurl=https://archive.is/ojjW|archivedate=May 24, 2012}}</ref> The south tower (2&nbsp;WTC) fell at approximately 9:59&nbsp;a.m., after burning for 56 minutes in a fire caused by the impact of United Airlines Flight 175.<ref name="WPCollapse" /> The north tower (1&nbsp;WTC) collapsed at 10:28&nbsp;a.m., after burning for approximately 102 minutes.<ref name="WPCollapse" /> When the north tower collapsed, debris that fell on the nearby {{wplink|7 World Trade Center}} (7&nbsp;WTC) building damaged it and initiated fires. These fires burned for hours and compromised the building's structural integrity, which led to the crumbling of the east penthouse at 5:20&nbsp;p.m. and to the complete collapse of the building at 5:21&nbsp;p.m.<ref>{{cite web |year = 2002 |url = http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch5.pdf|format = PDF|title = World Trade Center Building Performance Study|work = Ch. 5 WTC 7 – section 5.5.4|publisher = Federal Emergency Management Agency |accessdate = December 16, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201A.pdf |title=Final Report on the Collapse of World Trade Center Building 7 |month=November |year=2008 |publisher=[[National Institute of Standards and Technology]] |page=xxxvii |accessdate=February 16, 2010 |format=PDF}}</ref>
  
−  
−
The attacks created widespread confusion among news organizations and [[air traffic controller]]s across the United States. All international civilian air traffic was banned from landing on U.S. soil for three days.<ref>{{cite web |title=Profiles of 9/11 – About 9/11 |url=http://www.biography.com/profiles-of-9-11/about911.jsp |work=[[The Biography Channel]] |publisher=[[A&E Television Networks]] |accessdate=December 12, 2007}}</ref> Aircraft already in flight were either turned back or redirected to airports in Canada or Mexico. News sources aired unconfirmed and often contradictory reports throughout the day. One of the most prevalent of these reported that a car bomb had been detonated at the U.S. State Department's headquarters in Washington, D.C.<ref name=errors2>{{cite web |last=Miller |first=Mark |title=Broadcasting and Cable |url=http://www.broadcastingcable.com/article/CA240241.html |date=August 26, 2002 |work=[[Broadcasting & Cable]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |accessdate=February 15, 2008}}</ref> Soon after reporting for the first time on the Pentagon crash, some news media also briefly reported that a fire had broken out on the National Mall.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0109/11/bn.03.html |title= Transcripts |accessdate=May 2, 2008 |date=September 11, 2001 |work=CNN}}</ref> Another report went out on the Associated Press wire, claiming that a Delta Air Lines airliner—[[Delta Air Lines Flight 1989|Flight 1989]]—had been hijacked. This report, too, turned out to be in error; the plane was briefly thought to represent a hijack risk, but it responded to controllers and landed safely in Cleveland, Ohio.<ref name="wkyc">{{cite web|last = O'Mara| first = Michael|title = 9/11: 'Fifth Plane' terror alert at Cleveland Hopkins Airport|publisher= WKYC News |date=September 11, 2006| url=http://www.wkyc.com/news/news_article.aspx?storyid=56706|accessdate = September 8, 2009}}</ref>
  
−  
−
===Casualties===
  
−
{{Main|Casualties of the September 11 attacks}}
  
−
{| class="bordered infobox" cellpadding="3" style="width:280px; font-size:90%;"
  
−
|-
  
−
!colspan="3"| Deaths (excluding hijackers)
  
−
|-
  
−
!rowspan="3"| New York City
  
−
| [[World Trade Center]]
  
−
| 2,606<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html|title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial|date=November 13, 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.wibw.com/nationalnews/headlines/70082322.html|title=Alleged 9/11 Plotters Face Trial Blocks From WTC Site |date=November 13, 2009|publisher=[[WIBW-TV|WIBW]]|accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref>
  
−
|-
  
−
| [[American Airlines Flight 11|American 11]]
  
−
| 87<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page93.html |title=American Airlines Flight 11 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 7, 2006}}</ref>
  
−
|-
  
−
| [[United Airlines Flight 175|United 175]]
  
−
| 60<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html |title=United Airlines Flight 175 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 7, 2006}}</ref>
  
−
|-
  
−
!rowspan="2"| Arlington
  
−
| [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]]
  
−
| 125<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page88.html |title=Pentagon |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 7, 2006}}</ref>
  
−
|-
  
−
| [[American Airlines Flight 77|American 77]] || 59<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page96.html |title=American Airlines Flight 77 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 7, 2006}}</ref>
  
−
|-
  
−
! Shanksville
  
−
| [[United Airlines Flight 93|United 93]]
  
−
| 40<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/headlines/20011028flt93mainstoryp7.asp |title=Flight 93: Forty lives, one destiny |publisher=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette |date=October 2001|last=Roddy |first=Dennis B.|authorlink=Dennis Roddy|accessdate=September 7, 2006}}</ref>
  
−
|-
  
−
!colspan="2"| Total
  
−
| 2,977
  
−
|}
  
−
There were a total of 2,996 deaths, including the 19 hijackers and 2,977 victims.<ref name="Flags">{{cite news |url= http://media.www.theonlinerocket.com/media/storage/paper601/news/2008/09/12/News/Lost-Lives.Remembered.During.911.Ceremony-3427598.shtml |title = Lost lives remembered during 9/11 ceremony| publisher = The Online Rocket|accessdate = August 29, 2010|date = September 12, 2008}}</ref> The victims were distributed as follows: 246 on the four planes (from which there were no survivors), 2,606 in New York City in the towers and on the ground, and 125 at the [[The Pentagon|Pentagon]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html|title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial|date=November 13, 2009|publisher=CNN|accessdate=August 29, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/US/05/16/pentagon.video/index.html|title=First video of Pentagon 9/11 attack released|date=May 16, 2006|publisher=CNN|accessdate=September 10, 2006}}</ref> All the deaths in the attacks were civilians except for 55 military personnel killed at the Pentagon.<ref>{{cite news |author=Stone, Andrea |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-08-20-pentagon_x.htm |title=Military's aid and comfort ease 9/11 survivors' burden |publisher=USA Today |date=August 20, 2002 |accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref>
  
−
===pt 2===
  
−
More than 90 countries lost citizens in the attacks on the World Trade Center.<ref>{{cite web| last=Walker| first=Carolee| title=Five-Year 9/11 Remembrance Honors Victims from 90 Countries| url=http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/September/20060911141954bcreklaw0.9791071.html| publisher=[[United States Department of State]]| date=September 11, 2006| accessdate=May 18, 2008|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080115102024/http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2006/September/20060911141954bcreklaw0.9791071.html|archivedate=January 15, 2008}}</ref> In 2007, the New York City medical examiner's office added Felicia Dunn-Jones to the official death toll from the September 11 attacks. Dunn-Jones died five months after 9/11 from a lung condition which was linked to exposure to dust during the collapse of the World Trade Center.<ref name="dunn-jones">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/24/nyregion/24dust.html |title=For the First Time, New York Links a Death to 9/11 Dust |author=DePalma, Anthony |publisher=The New York Times |date=May 24, 2007}}</ref> Leon Heyward, who died of lymphoma in 2008, was added to the official death toll in 2009.<ref name="heyward">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/09/12/nyregion/12groundzero.html |title=9/11’s Litany of Loss, Joined by Another Name |date=September 2009 |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=September 12, 2009|first=Lisa W.|last=Foderaro}}</ref>
  
−  
−
[[National Institute of Standards and Technology|NIST]] estimated that about 17,400 civilians were in the World Trade Center complex at the time of the attacks, while turnstile counts from the [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Port Authority]] suggest that 14,154 people were typically in the Twin Towers by 8:45&nbsp;a.m.<ref>{{cite book |author=Averill, Jason D., et al. |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/NCSTAR1/PDF/NCSTAR%201-7.pdf |chapter=Occupant Behavior, Egress, and Emergency Communications |title=Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) |year=2005| accessdate=May 20, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Dwyer, Jim and Kevin Flynn |title=102 Minutes |publisher=Times Books |year=2005 |page=266 |isbn=0805076824}}</ref> The vast majority of people below the impact zone safely evacuated the buildings, along with 18 people who were in the impact zone in the south tower and a number above the impact zone who evidently used the one intact stairwell in the south tower.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E6DC153BF935A15756C0A9649C8B63 |title=Last Words at the Trade Center; Fighting to Live as the Towers Die |author=Dwyer, Jim, et al. |publisher=New York Times |date=May 26, 2002 |accessdate=May 19, 2008}}</ref> At least 1,366 people died who were at or above the floors of impact in the North Tower and at least 618 in the South Tower, where evacuation had begun before the second impact.<ref name="NYTFatal">{{cite news |last=Lipton |first=Eric |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2004/07/22/nyregion/22towers.html?ei=5090&en=ccd27da4663af33f&ex=1248235200&partner=rssuserland&pagewanted=print&position= |title=Study Maps the Location of Deaths in the Twin Towers |date=July 22, 2004 |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=April 22, 2008}}</ref> Thus over 90% of the workers and visitors who died in the Towers had been at or above impact.
  
−  
−
According to the Commission Report, hundreds were killed instantly by the impact, while the rest were trapped and died after tower collapse.<ref name="911-ch9">{{cite web| title=Heroism and Honor| work=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States| publisher=U.S. Congress| date=August 21, 2004| url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/report/911Report_Ch9.htm| accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref> At least 200 people jumped to their deaths from the burning towers (as depicted in the photograph "[[The Falling Man]]"), landing on the streets and rooftops of adjacent buildings hundreds of feet below.<ref name="horrificdecision">{{cite news |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2002-09-02-jumper_x.htm |title=Desperation forced a horrific decision |publisher=USATODAY |date=September 2, 2002 |author=Cauchon, Dennis and Martha Moore|accessdate=September 9, 2006}}</ref> Some of the occupants of each tower above its point of impact made their way upward toward the roof in hope of helicopter rescue, but the roof access doors were locked. No plan existed for helicopter rescues, and on September 11, the thick smoke and intense heat would have prevented helicopters from conducting rescues.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/18/terror/main618174.shtml |title=Poor Info Hindered 9/11 Rescue|publisher=CBS News |date=May 18, 2004|accessdate=September 11, 2006}}</ref>
  
−  
−
[[File:September 17 2001.jpg|thumb|The smoldering ruins of the World Trade Center 6 days after the attacks.]]
  
−
A total of 411 emergency workers who responded to the scene died as they attempted to rescue people and fight fires. The {{wplink|New York City Fire Department}} (FDNY) lost 341 firefighters and 2 FDNY paramedics.<ref>{{cite news |author=Denise Grady |coauthors=Andrew C. Revkin |title= Threats and responses: rescuer's health; Lung Ailments May Force 500 Firefighters Off Job |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E1DC1631F933A2575AC0A9649C8B63 |date=September 10, 2002 |publisher=The New York Times |accessdate=May 23, 2008}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department]] lost 23 officers.<ref>{{cite news |title=Post-9/11 report recommends police, fire response changes |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2002-08-19-nypd-nyfd-report_x.htm |date=August 19, 2002 |agency=Associated Press |publisher=USA Today |accessdate=May 23, 2008}}</ref> The [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey Police Department|Port Authority Police Department]] lost 37 officers,<ref>{{cite news |title=Police back on day-to-day beat after 9/11 nightmare |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/07/20/wtc.police/index.html |date=July 21, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=May 23, 2008}}</ref> and 8 additional EMTs and paramedics from private EMS units were killed.<ref>{{cite web |author=Joshi, Pradnya |url=http://www.newsday.com/news/port-authority-workers-to-be-honored-1.695524 |title=Port Authority workers to be honored |publisher=Newsday |date=September 8, 2005 |accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref><ref name="National EMS Memorial">{{cite web|title="National EMS Memorial"|url=http://nemsms.org/notices01.htm|title=2001 Notices of Line of Duty Death|publisher = National EMS Memorial Service |accessdate=September 11, 2007}}</ref>
  
−  
−
[[Cantor Fitzgerald|Cantor Fitzgerald L.P.]], an investment bank on the 101st–105th floors of One World Trade Center, lost 658 employees, considerably more than any other employer.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5282060.stm?lsf |title=Cantor rebuilds after 9/11 losses |publisher=BBC |date=September 4, 2006 |accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref> [[Marsh & McLennan Companies|Marsh Inc.]], located immediately below Cantor Fitzgerald on floors 93–101 (the location of [[American Airlines Flight 11|Flight 11's]] impact), lost 355 employees, and 175 employees of [[Aon Corporation]] were killed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.investmentnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20070911/REG/70911011 |title=Industry honors fallen on 9/11 anniversary |publisher=InvestmentNews |author= Siegel, Aaron |date=September 11, 2007 |accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref> After New York, New Jersey was the hardest hit state, with the city of Hoboken sustaining the most deaths.<ref name="beveridge">{{cite web |url=http://www.gothamgazette.com/demographics/91102.shtml |title=9/11/01-02: A Demographic Portrait Of The Victims In 10048 |publisher=Gotham Gazette |author=Beveridge, Andrew |accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref>
  
−  
−
Weeks after the attack, the estimated death toll was over 6,000.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/09/29/gen.america.under.attack/index.html |title=Source: Hijacking suspects linked to Afghanistan |publisher=CNN |date=September 30, 2001 |accessdate=June 8, 2008}}</ref> The city was only able to identify remains for about 1,600 of the victims at the World Trade Center. The medical examiner's office also collected "about 10,000 unidentified bone and tissue fragments that cannot be matched to the list of the dead".<ref name="CBS2">{{cite news| title=Ground Zero Forensic Work Ends| publisher=CBS News| date=February 23, 2005| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2005/02/23/national/main675839.shtml| accessdate=May 20, 2008}}</ref> Bone fragments were still being found in 2006 as workers were preparing to demolish the damaged {{wplink|Deutsche Bank Building}}. That operation was completed in 2007. On April 2, 2010 a team of anthropology and archaeological experts began searching for human remains, human artifacts and personal items at the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island. The operation was completed in June 2010 with 72 human remains found, bringing the total human remains found to 1,845. The identities of 1,629 of the 2,753 victims <ref>If we add up the 87 victims of Flight 11 ({{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page93.html |title=American Airlines Flight 11}}), the 60 victims of Flight 175 ({{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/2001/memorial/lists/by-location/page100.html |title=United Airlines Flight 175}}) and the 2,606 victims of the towers ({{cite news| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/CRIME/11/13/khalid.sheikh.mohammed/index.html| title=Accused 9/11 plotter Khalid Sheikh Mohammed faces New York trial}}) we obtain a total of 2,753 victims.</ref> have been identified. DNA profiling in an attempt to identify additional victims is continuing.<ref>[http://www.newsday.com/news/new-york/more-remains-found-at-wtc-site-1.2045994 More remains found at WTC site Newsday June 22, 2010]</ref>
  
−  
−
===Damage===
  
−
Along with the 110-floor Twin Towers of the World Trade Center itself, numerous other buildings at the World Trade Center site were destroyed or badly damaged, including [[7 World Trade Center]], [[6 World Trade Center]], [[5 World Trade Center]], [[4 World Trade Center]], the [[Marriott World Trade Center|Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC)]], and the [[World Financial Center]] complex and [[St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church (Manhattan, NYC)|St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church]].<ref name="wtcstudy">{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/rebuild/mat/wtcstudy.shtm |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study |month=May|year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007}}</ref> The fall of the Twin Towers represented the only examples of total [[progressive collapse]] of steel-framed structures in history.<ref>Bažant, Z., Verdure, M.: ''Mechanics of Progressive Collapse'', page 308. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, March 2007.</ref>
  
−  
−
[[File:Pentagon crash site, Sept. 14 2001.jpg|thumb|[[The Pentagon]] damaged by fire and partly collapsed.]]
  
−
The [[Deutsche Bank Building]] across [[Liberty Street (Manhattan)|Liberty Street]] from the World Trade Center complex was later condemned due to the uninhabitable, toxic conditions inside the office tower, and is undergoing deconstruction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch6.pdf |title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Bankers Trust Building |month=May|year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title=The Deutsche Bank Building at 130 Liberty Street|publisher=Lower Manhattan Construction Command Center| url=http://www.renewnyc.com/plan_des_dev/130Liberty/default.asp|accessdate=July 12, 2007}}</ref> The [[Borough of Manhattan Community College]]'s Fiterman Hall at 30 [[West Broadway (Manhattan)|West Broadway]] was also condemned due to extensive damage in the attacks, and is slated for [[deconstruction (building)|deconstruction]].<ref>{{cite web| title = Lower Manhattan – Fiterman Hall| publisher = LowerManhattan.info| date= July 1, 2007| url = http://www.lowermanhattan.info/construction/project_updates/fiterman_hall_39764.aspx|accessdate = July 10, 2007}}</ref>
  
−  
⚫
Other neighboring buildings including [[90 West Street, New York City|90 West Street]] and the [[Verizon Building]] suffered major damage, but have since been restored.<ref name="nyconstruction">{{cite web |url=http://newyork.construction.com/projects/TopProjects04/Verizon.asp |title=Verizon Building Restoration |publisher=New York Construction (McGraw Hill) |accessdate=June 28, 2007}}</ref> [[World Financial Center]] buildings, [[One Liberty Plaza]], the [[Millenium<!-- PLEASE NOTE that "Millenium" is the correct spelling here. --> Hilton]], and [[10048 (ZIP code)|90 Church Street]] had moderate damage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fema.gov/pdf/library/fema403_ch7.pdf|title=World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings |month=May|year=2002 |publisher=FEMA |accessdate=July 12, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> They have since been restored. Communications equipment on top of the North Tower, including broadcast radio, television and [[two-way radio]] antenna towers, was also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.<ref name="wtcstudy"/><ref>{{cite web| last=Bloomfield| first=Larry| url=http://sysdesignshowcase.broadcastengineering.com/ar/broadcasting_new_york_broadcasters| title=New York broadcasters rebuild| publisher=Broadcast Engineering| date=October 1, 2001| accessdate=May 18, 2008}} {{Dead link|date=June 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In [[Arlington County, Virginia|Arlington County]], a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/build03/PDF/b03017.pdf |title=The Pentagon Building Performance Report |publisher=American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) |month=January|year=2003| accessdate=May 20, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>
  
   
 
===Rescue and recovery===
  
===Rescue and recovery===
 
{{Main|Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks}}
  
{{Main|Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks}}
 
[[File:DN-SD-04-12744.JPEG|right|thumb|An injured victim of the Pentagon attack is evacuated]]
  
[[File:DN-SD-04-12744.JPEG|right|thumb|An injured victim of the Pentagon attack is evacuated]]
−
The Fire Department of New York City (FDNY) quickly deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the site, whose efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and EMTs.<ref name="mckinsey-ems">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/ems_response.pdf |title=McKinsey Report – Emergency Medical Service response |publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |date=August 9, 2002 |accessdate=July 12, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="mckinsey-exec">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/executive_summary.pdf |title=FDNY McKinsey Report – Executive Summary |month=August|year=2002 |publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |accessdate=July 10, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/x7_fire_apparatus_deployment.pdf |title=Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11 |publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |month=August|year=2002 |accessdate=July 10, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department|New York Police Department]] (NYPD) sent Emergency Service Units (ESU) and other police personnel, along with deploying [[its aviation unit]].<ref name="mckinsey-nypd">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/toc.html |title=McKinsey Report – NYPD |date=August 19, 2002 |accessdate=July 10, 2007}}</ref> Once on the scene, the FDNY, NYPD, and [[Port Authority police]] did not coordinate efforts,<ref name="mckinsey-ems"/> and ended up performing redundant searches for civilians.<ref name="alavosius">{{cite journal |title=Unity Of Purpose/[[Unity of effort|Unity Of Effort]]: Private-Sector Preparedness In Times Of Terror |journal=Disaster Prevention & Management |author=Alavosius, Mark P., et al. |year=2005 |volume=14(5) |pages=666–680 |doi=10.1108/09653560510634098}}</ref>
 +
The Fire Department of New York City (FDNY) quickly deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the site, whose efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and EMTs.<ref name="mckinsey-ems">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/ems_response.pdf |title=McKinsey Report – Emergency Medical Service response |publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |date=August 9, 2002 |accessdate=July 12, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="mckinsey-exec">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/executive_summary.pdf |title=FDNY McKinsey Report – Executive Summary |month=August|year=2002 |publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |accessdate=July 10, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/pdf/mck_report/x7_fire_apparatus_deployment.pdf |title=Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11 |publisher=FDNY / McKinsey & Company |month=August|year=2002 |accessdate=July 10, 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> The [[New York City Police Department|New York Police Department]] (NYPD) sent Emergency Service Units (ESU) and other police personnel, along with deploying [[its aviation unit]].<ref name="mckinsey-nypd">{{cite web |url=http://www.nyc.gov/html/fdny/html/mck_report/toc.html |title=McKinsey Report – NYPD |date=August 19, 2002 |accessdate=July 10, 2007}}</ref> Once on the scene, the FDNY, NYPD, and [[Port Authority police]] did not coordinate efforts,<ref name="mckinsey-ems" /> and ended up performing redundant searches for civilians.<ref name="alavosius">{{cite journal |title=Unity Of Purpose/[[Unity of effort|Unity Of Effort]]: Private-Sector Preparedness In Times Of Terror |journal=Disaster Prevention & Management |author=Alavosius, Mark P., et al. |year=2005 |volume=14(5) |pages=666–680 |doi=10.1108/09653560510634098}}</ref>
   
−
As conditions deteriorated, the [[NYPD aviation unit]] relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed.<ref name="mckinsey-nypd"/><ref name="alavosius"/> With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.
 +
As conditions deteriorated, the [[NYPD aviation unit]] relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed.<ref name="mckinsey-nypd" /><ref name="alavosius" /> With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.
   
−
After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders did issue evacuation warnings, however, due to [[Radio communications during the September 11 attacks|technical difficulties]] with malfunctioning {{wplink|radio repeater}} systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. [[9-1-1 dispatchers]] also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.<ref name="mckinsey-exec"/> Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of [[May 2002]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=May 30, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 11, 2008}}</ref>
 +
After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders did issue evacuation warnings, however, due to [[Radio communications during the September 11 attacks|technical difficulties]] with malfunctioning {{wplink|radio repeater}} systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. [[9-1-1 dispatchers]] also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.<ref name="mckinsey-exec" /> Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of [[May 2002]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/05/30/rec.wtc.cleanup/ |title=Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup |date=May 30, 2002 |publisher=CNN |accessdate=September 11, 2008}}</ref>
   
 
==Attackers and their background==
  
==Attackers and their background==
Line 147: Line 63:
 
{{Main|Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}
  
{{Main|Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks}}
 
[[File:September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg|thumb|upright|A solitary firefighter stands amid the [[rubble]] and [[smoke]] in New York City]]
  
[[File:September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg|thumb|upright|A solitary firefighter stands amid the [[rubble]] and [[smoke]] in New York City]]
−
The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens.<ref>{{cite news| first=Anita |last=Gates |title=Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/11dust.html?ref=nyregionspecial3 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2006/09/05/nyregion/20060905_HEALTH_GRAPHIC.html |title=What was Found in the Dust |publisher=New York Times |date=September 5, 2006|accessdate=September 8, 2006}}</ref> This has led to [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|debilitating illnesses]] among rescue and recovery workers, which many claim to be directly linked to debris exposure.<ref name="DustDeath">{{cite news|title= New York: 9/11 toxins caused death|publisher= CNN.com| date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html|accessdate=July 10, 2007|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070526153324/http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/05/24/wtc.dust/index.html|archivedate=May 26, 2007}} {{Dead link|date=July 2010|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/nyregion/13symptoms.html| title=Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust| last=DePalma| first=Anthony| date=May 13, 2006| publisher=The New York Times| accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> For example, NYPD Officer Frank Macri died of lung cancer that spread throughout his body on September 3, 2007; his family contends the cancer is the result of long hours on the site and they have filed for line-of-duty death benefits, which the city has yet to rule on.<ref>{{cite news| last=Shapiro| first=Rich| title=Cancer ends his fitness life after toil at the Pit| publisher=New York Daily News| date=September 10, 2007| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_cancer_ends_his_fitness_life_after_toil_.html| accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref>
 +
The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens.<ref>{{cite news| first=Anita |last=Gates |title=Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles |publisher=The New York Times |date=September 11, 2006 |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/11/arts/television/11dust.html?ref=nyregionspecial3 |accessdate=May 18, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2006/09/05/nyregion/20060905_HEALTH_GRAPHIC.html |title=What was Found in the Dust |publisher=New York Times |date=September 5, 2006|accessdate=September 8, 2006}}</ref> This has led to [[Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks|debilitating illnesses]] among rescue and recovery workers, which many claim to be directly linked to debris exposure.<ref name="DustDeath">{{cite web|title= Toxic dust adds to WTC death toll|publisher= msnbc.com| date=May 24, 2007|url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/18831750/|accessdate=September 6, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/05/13/nyregion/13symptoms.html| title=Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust| last=DePalma| first=Anthony| date=May 13, 2006| publisher=The New York Times| accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> For example, NYPD Officer Frank Macri died of lung cancer that spread throughout his body on September 3, 2007; his family contends the cancer is the result of long hours on the site and they have filed for line-of-duty death benefits, which the city has yet to rule on.<ref>{{cite news| last=Shapiro| first=Rich| title=Cancer ends his fitness life after toil at the Pit| publisher=New York Daily News| date=September 10, 2007| url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2007/09/10/2007-09-10_cancer_ends_his_fitness_life_after_toil_.html| accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref>
   
 
Health effects have also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens| publisher=Sierra Club| year=2006| url=http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/| accessdate=May 21, 2008}}</ref> Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust caused by the World Trade Center's collapse and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial.<ref>{{cite news| last=Smith| first=Stephen| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/28/national/main4049362.shtml| title=9/11 "Wall Of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops| publisher=CBS News| date=April 28, 2008| accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on [[Prenatal development|fetal development]]. Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers.<ref>{{cite web| title = CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns| work = World Trade Center Pregnancy Study| publisher = Columbia University| year= 2006| url =http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/docs/CCCEH%20Study%20Intro.pdf|accessdate=April 14, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all the workers studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30% to 40% of workers were reporting persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack with little or no improvement since.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/nyregion/08lung.html?src=m Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds The New York Times April 7, 2010]</ref>
  
Health effects have also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby [[Chinatown, Manhattan|Chinatown]].<ref>{{cite web| title=Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens| publisher=Sierra Club| year=2006| url=http://www.sierraclub.org/groundzero/| accessdate=May 21, 2008}}</ref> Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust caused by the World Trade Center's collapse and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial.<ref>{{cite news| last=Smith| first=Stephen| url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2008/04/28/national/main4049362.shtml| title=9/11 "Wall Of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops| publisher=CBS News| date=April 28, 2008| accessdate=May 3, 2008}}</ref> There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on [[Prenatal development|fetal development]]. Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers.<ref>{{cite web| title = CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns| work = World Trade Center Pregnancy Study| publisher = Columbia University| year= 2006| url =http://www.familiesofseptember11.org/docs/CCCEH%20Study%20Intro.pdf|accessdate=April 14, 2008|format=PDF}}</ref> A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all the workers studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30% to 40% of workers were reporting persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack with little or no improvement since.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/08/nyregion/08lung.html?src=m Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds The New York Times April 7, 2010]</ref>
Line 249: Line 165:
 
*[http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/ September 11, 2001 Screenshot Archive] – Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world.
  
*[http://www.interactivepublishing.net/september/ September 11, 2001 Screenshot Archive] – Database of 230 screenshots from news sites around the world.
 
*{{newseum front page archive|month=09|day=12|year=01}}
  
*{{newseum front page archive|month=09|day=12|year=01}}
−
*[http://911.wikileaks.org/ 9/11 tragedy pager intercepts. from [[Wikileaks]]]
 +
*[http://911.wikileaks.org/ 9/11 tragedy pager intercepts. from ][[Wikileaks]]
 
*[http://mynorthwest.com/?nid=129&sid=283032 Aerial photos of 9/11 released] photo gallery on ''[[MyNorthwest.com]]''
  
*[http://mynorthwest.com/?nid=129&sid=283032 Aerial photos of 9/11 released] photo gallery on ''[[MyNorthwest.com]]''
   

Revision as of 14:15, 12 April 2019

This is a new article. As such is has been set to unassessed. This article has been assessed as havingUnknown importance.

Good scope?NoN Timeline?NoN wikified?NoN red links < 10?NoN all red links fixed?NoN referenced?NoN Illustrated?NoN Googled and added info? NoN Checked 9/11 records archives? NoN Checked Wikinews? NoN Checked Wikisource? NoN

Edit-clear
 This article needs better categories. Please help out by fixing categories to it so that it can be listed with similar articles.
This page uses Creative Commons Licensed content from Wikipedia (view authors).
September 11 attacks
National Park Service 9-11 Statue of Liberty and WTC fire
Twin towers of the World Trade Center burning.
Location New York City; Arlington County, Virginia; and near Shanksville, Pennsylvania.
Date Tuesday, September 11, 2001
Template:Start-date – Template:End-date (UTC-4)
Death(s) 2,977 victims[1] and 19 hijackers
Injured 6,000+
Belligerent(s) al-Qaeda led by Osama bin Laden, see also Responsibility and Hijackers.

lead

Ambox content
 This article may need to be updated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished.

[[Category:]]

90 Church Street had moderate damage.[2] They have since been restored. Communications equipment on top of the North Tower, including broadcast radio, television and two-way radio antenna towers, was also destroyed, but media stations were quickly able to reroute signals and resume broadcasts.[3][4] In Arlington County, a portion of the Pentagon was severely damaged by fire and one section of the building collapsed.[5]

Rescue and recovery

Main article: Rescue and recovery effort after the September 11 attacks
DN-SD-04-12744

An injured victim of the Pentagon attack is evacuated

The Fire Department of New York City (FDNY) quickly deployed 200 units (half of the department) to the site, whose efforts were supplemented by numerous off-duty firefighters and EMTs.[6][7][8] The New York Police Department (NYPD) sent Emergency Service Units (ESU) and other police personnel, along with deploying its aviation unit.[9] Once on the scene, the FDNY, NYPD, and Port Authority police did not coordinate efforts,[6] and ended up performing redundant searches for civilians.[10]

As conditions deteriorated, the NYPD aviation unit relayed information to police commanders, who issued orders for its personnel to evacuate the towers; most NYPD officers were able to safely evacuate before the buildings collapsed.[9][10] With separate command posts set up and incompatible radio communications between the agencies, warnings were not passed along to FDNY commanders.

After the first tower collapsed, FDNY commanders did issue evacuation warnings, however, due to technical difficulties with malfunctioning radio repeater Wikipedia systems, many firefighters never heard the evacuation orders. 9-1-1 dispatchers also received information from callers that was not passed along to commanders on the scene.[7] Within hours of the attack, a substantial search and rescue operation was launched. After months of around-the-clock operations, the World Trade Center site was cleared by the end of May 2002.[11]

Attackers and their background

Main article: September 11 attacks:Attacked and their background

Aftermath

Main article: September 11 attacks:Aftermath
See also: Airport security repercussions due to the September 11 attacks, Closings and cancellations following the September 11 attacks, Aftermath of the September 11 attacks, Reactions to the September 11 attacks, and U.S. military response during the September 11 attacks

Long-term effects

Economic aftermath

Main article: Economic effects arising from the September 11 attacks
Manhattan on September 12 - Landsat7

A satellite view of Manhattan shows a large smoke plume a day after the attacks.

WTC-Fireman requests 10 more colleagesa

A New York City fireman calls for 10 more rescue workers to make their way into the rubble of the World Trade Center

The attacks had a significant economic impact on the United States and world markets.[12] The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), the American Stock Exchange Wikipedia (AMEX), and NASDAQ did not open on September 11 and remained closed until September 17. When the stock markets reopened, the Dow Jones Industrial Average Wikipedia (DJIA) stock market index fell 684 points, or 7.1%, to 8921, a record-setting one-day point decline.[13]

By the end of the week, the DJIA had fallen 1,369.7 points (14.3%), its then-largest one-week point drop in history, though later surpassed in 2008 during the global financial crisis Wikipedia.[14] U.S. stocks lost $1.4 trillion in value for the week.[14]

In New York City, about 430,000 job-months and $2.8 billion in wages were lost in the three months following the 9/11 attacks. The economic effects were mainly focused on the city's export economy sectors.[15] The city's GDP Wikipedia was estimated to have declined by $27.3 billion for the last three months of 2001 and all of 2002. The Federal government provided $11.2 billion in immediate assistance to the Government of New York City Wikipedia in September 2001, and $10.5 billion in early 2002 for economic development and infrastructure needs.[16]

The 9/11 attacks also hurt small businesses in Lower Manhattan near the World Trade Center, destroying or displacing about 18,000 of them. Assistance was provided by Small Business Administration Wikipedia loans and federal government Community Development Block Grants and Economic Injury Disaster Loans.[16] Some 31,900,000 square feet (2,960,000 m2) of Lower Manhattan office space was damaged or destroyed.[17]

Many wondered whether these jobs would return, and the damaged tax base recover.[18] Studies of the economic effects of 9/11 show that the Manhattan office real-estate market and office employment were less affected than initially expected because of the financial services industry's need for face-to-face interaction.[19][20]

North American air space was closed for several days after the attacks and air travel decreased upon its reopening, leading to nearly a 20% cutback in air travel capacity, and exacerbating financial problems in the struggling U.S. airline industry.[21]

Health effects

Main article: Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks
File:September 14 2001 Ground Zero 02.jpg

A solitary firefighter stands amid the rubble and smoke in New York City

The thousands of tons of toxic debris resulting from the collapse of the Twin Towers consisted of more than 2,500 contaminants, including known carcinogens.[22][23] This has led to debilitating illnesses among rescue and recovery workers, which many claim to be directly linked to debris exposure.[24][25] For example, NYPD Officer Frank Macri died of lung cancer that spread throughout his body on September 3, 2007; his family contends the cancer is the result of long hours on the site and they have filed for line-of-duty death benefits, which the city has yet to rule on.[26]

Health effects have also extended to some residents, students, and office workers of Lower Manhattan and nearby Chinatown.[27] Several deaths have been linked to the toxic dust caused by the World Trade Center's collapse and the victims' names will be included in the World Trade Center memorial.[28] There is also scientific speculation that exposure to various toxic products in the air may have negative effects on fetal development. Due to this potential hazard, a notable children's environmental health center is currently analyzing the children whose mothers were pregnant during the WTC collapse, and were living or working near the World Trade Center towers.[29] A study of rescue workers released in April 2010 found that all the workers studied had impaired lung functions, and that 30% to 40% of workers were reporting persistent symptoms that started within the first year of the attack with little or no improvement since.[30]

Legal disputes over the attendant costs of illnesses related to the attacks are still in the court system. On October 17, 2006, {{wplink|United States federal judge|federal judge]] Alvin Hellerstein rejected New York City's refusal to pay for health costs for rescue workers, allowing for the possibility of numerous suits against the city.[31] Government officials have been faulted for urging the public to return to lower Manhattan in the weeks shortly following the attacks. Christine Todd Whitman, administrator of the EPA Wikipedia in the aftermath of the attacks, was heavily criticized for incorrectly saying that the area was environmentally safe.[32] President Bush was criticized for interfering with EPA interpretations and pronouncements regarding air quality in the aftermath of the attacks.[33] In addition, Mayor Giuliani was criticized for urging financial industry personnel to return quickly to the greater Wall Street area.[34]

Some Americans became alarmed at the prospect of using planes for travel, using automobiles instead. This resulted in an estimated 1,595 "excess" highway deaths in the ensuing year.[35]

Investigations

FBI investigation

Main article: PENTTBOM

Immediately after the attacks, the Federal Bureau of Investigation started PENTTBOM, the largest criminal inquiry in the history of the United States. The FBI told the U.S. Senate that there is "clear and irrefutable" evidence linking Al Qaida and Bin Laden to the attacks.[36]

9/11 Commission

Main article: 9/11 Commission

The National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission), chaired by former New Jersey Governor Thomas Kean,[37] was formed in late 2002 to prepare a thorough account of the circumstances surrounding the attacks, including preparedness for, and the immediate response to, the attacks. On July 22, 2004, the 9/11 Commission issued the 9/11 Commission Report. The commission and its report have been subject to criticism.[38][39]

Collapse of the World Trade Center

Main article: Collapse of the World Trade Center

A federal technical building and fire safety investigation of the collapses of the Twin Towers and 7 WTC has been conducted by the United States Department of Commerce's National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The goals of this investigation were to determine why the buildings collapsed, the extent of injuries and fatalities, and the procedures involved in designing and managing the World Trade Center.[40] The investigation into the collapse of 1 WTC and 2 WTC was concluded in October 2005, and the investigation into the collapse of 7 WTC concluded in August 2008.[41][42]

The report concluded that the fireproofing on the Twin Towers' steel infrastructures was blown off by the initial impact of the planes and that, if this had not occurred, the towers would likely have remained standing.[43] A study published by researchers of Purdue University confirmed that, if the thermal insulation on the core columns were scoured off and column temperatures were elevated to approximately 700 °C, the fire would have been sufficient to initiate collapse.[44][45]

W. Gene Corley Wikipedia, the director of the original investigation, commented that "the towers really did amazingly well. The terrorist aircraft didn’t bring the buildings down; it was the fire which followed. It was proven that you could take out two thirds of the columns in a tower and the building would still stand."[46] The fires weakened the trusses supporting the floors, making the floors sag. The sagging floors pulled on the exterior steel columns to the point where exterior columns bowed inward. With the damage to the core columns, the buckling exterior columns could no longer support the buildings, causing them to collapse. In addition, the report asserts that the towers' stairwells were not adequately reinforced to provide emergency escape for people above the impact zones.[47] NIST concluded that uncontrolled fires in 7 WTC caused floor beams and girders to heat and subsequently "caused a critical support column to fail, initiating a fire-induced progressive collapse that brought the building down".[42]

Internal review of the CIA

The Inspector General of the CIA conducted an internal review of the CIA's pre-9/11 performance and was harshly critical of senior CIA officials for not doing everything possible to confront terrorism. He criticized their failure to stop two of the 9/11 hijackers, Nawaf al-Hazmi and Khalid al-Mihdhar, as they entered the United States and their failure to share information on the two men with the FBI.[48]

In May 2007, senators from both the Democratic Party and the Republican Party drafted legislation that would openly present an internal CIA investigative report. One of the backers, Senator Ron Wyden stated "The American people have a right to know what the Central Intelligence Agency was doing in those critical months before 9/11.... I am going to bulldog this until the public gets it." The report investigates the responsibilities of individual CIA personnel before and after the 9/11 attacks. The report was completed in 2005, but its details have never been released to the public.[49]

Rebuilding

Main article: World Trade Center site

On the day of the attacks, New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani proclaimed, "We will rebuild. We're going to come out of this stronger than before, politically stronger, economically stronger. The skyline will be made whole again."[50] The Lower Manhattan Development Corporation, tasked with coordinating rebuilding efforts at the World Trade Center site, was criticized for doing little with the enormous funding directed to the rebuilding efforts.[51][52]

Aside from construction of 7 World Trade Center, adjacent to the main site and completed in 2006, and the PATH station, which opened in late 2003, work on rebuilding on the main World Trade Center site was delayed until late 2006 when leaseholder Larry Silverstein and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey came to an agreement on financing of the new buildings.[53] The 1 World Trade Center is currently under construction at the site and at 1,776 ft (541 m) upon completion in 2011, will become one of the tallest buildings in North America, behind only the CN Tower in Toronto.[54][55]

Three more towers were expected to be built between 2007 and 2012 on the site, and will be located one block east of where the original towers stood. After the late-2000s recession, the site's owners said that construction of new towers could be delayed until 2036.[56] The damaged section of the Pentagon was rebuilt and occupied within a year of the attacks.[57]

Memorials

Main article: Memorials and services for the September 11 attacks

In the days immediately following the attacks, many memorials and vigils were held around the world.[58][59][60] In addition, pictures were placed all over Ground Zero. A witness described being unable to "get away from faces of innocent victims who were killed. Their pictures are everywhere, on phone booths, street lights, walls of subway stations. Everything reminded me of a huge funeral, people quiet and sad, but also very nice. Before, New York gave me a cold feeling; now people were reaching out to help each other.”[61]

Wtc-2004-memorial

The Tribute in Light viewed from Jersey City Wikipedia on the anniversary of the attacks in 2004

One of the first memorials was the Tribute in Light, an installation of 88 searchlights at the footprints of the World Trade Center towers which projected two vertical columns of light into the sky.[62] In New York, the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition was held to design an appropriate memorial on the site.[63] The winning design, Reflecting Absence Wikipedia, was selected in August 2006, and consists of a pair of reflecting pools in the footprints of the towers, surrounded by a list of the victims' names in an underground memorial space.[64] Plans for a museum on the site have been put on hold, following the abandonment of the International Freedom Center in reaction to complaints from the families of many victims.[65]

The Pentagon Memorial was completed and opened to the public on the seventh anniversary of the attacks, September 11, 2008.[66][67] It consists of a landscaped park with 184 benches facing the Pentagon.[68] When the Pentagon was repaired in 2001–2002, a private chapel and indoor memorial were included, located at the spot where Flight 77 crashed into the building.[69]

At Shanksville, a permanent Flight 93 National Memorial is planned to include a sculpted grove of trees forming a circle around the crash site, bisected by the plane's path, while wind chimes will bear the names of the victims.[70] A temporary memorial is located 500 yards (457 m) from the crash site.[71] New York City firefighters donated a memorial to the Shanksville Volunteer Fire Department. It is a cross made of steel from the World Trade Center and mounted on top of a platform shaped like the Pentagon.[72] It was installed outside the firehouse on August 25, 2008.[73]

Many other permanent memorials are being constructed elsewhere, and scholarships and charities have been established by the victims' families, along with many other organizations and private figures.[74]

Final resting place for WTC victims

Following the attacks, the Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island was temporarily reopened to receive and process much of the debris from the destruction of the World Trade Center. The debris contained the remains of many of the victims; much of it in the form of dust and small fragments. In August 2005 17 plaintiffs, claiming to have support from 1,000 other relatives, filed a case in court to have the City of New York move nearly one million tons of material from the Fresh Kills landfill to another location where it would be sifted and placed in a cemetery. Norman Siegel, the lawyer for the plaintiffs, stated "It comes down to this: Are we prepared to leave hundreds of body parts and human remains on top of a garbage dump?" James E. Tyrrell, a lawyer representing the city, argued "You have to be able to particularize and say it's your body part. All that's left here is a bunch of undifferentiated dust."[75][76]

On March 26, 2010, families of 9/11 victims received notice that the city will conduct a sifting operation for World Trade Center remains at the Fresh Kills landfill. The operation is scheduled to take three months at an estimated cost of $1.4 million. Anthropologists and other trained professionals will carefully evaluate and search the material, and potential remains will be sent for further testing to the laboratories of the Office of the Chief Medical Examiner.[77]

See also

Portal-puzzle Terrorism portal
Flag of New York City New York City portal
Portal-puzzle Virginia portal
Aviacionavion Aviation portal
  • Families of September 11
  • List of terrorist incidents, 2001
  • Post-9/11 legal issues
  • Survivor registry


References

  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named f2977
  2. ↑ "World Trade Center Building Performance Study – Peripheral Buildings" (PDF). FEMA. May 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2007. 
  3. ↑ "World Trade Center Building Performance Study". FEMA. May 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2007. 
  4. ↑ Bloomfield, Larry (October 1, 2001). "New York broadcasters rebuild". Broadcast Engineering. Retrieved May 18, 2008.  [dead link]
  5. ↑ "The Pentagon Building Performance Report" (PDF). American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). January 2003. Retrieved May 20, 2008. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "McKinsey Report – Emergency Medical Service response" (PDF). FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 9, 2002. Retrieved July 12, 2007. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "FDNY McKinsey Report – Executive Summary" (PDF). FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2007. 
  8. ↑ "Fire Apparatus Deployment on September 11" (PDF). FDNY / McKinsey & Company. August 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2007. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 "McKinsey Report – NYPD". August 19, 2002. Retrieved July 10, 2007. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Alavosius, Mark P., et al. (2005). "Unity Of Purpose/Unity Of Effort: Private-Sector Preparedness In Times Of Terror". Disaster Prevention & Management 14(5): 666–680. doi Wikipedia:10.1108/09653560510634098. 
  11. ↑ "Ceremony closes 'Ground Zero' cleanup". CNN. May 30, 2002. Retrieved September 11, 2008. 
  12. ↑ Makinen, Gail (September 27, 2002). "The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. p. 17. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  13. ↑ Barnhart, Bill (September 17, 2001). "Markets reopen, plunge". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bob, Fernandez (September 22, 2001). "U.S. Markets Decline Again". KRTBN Knight Ridder Tribune Business News (The Philadelphia Inquirer). 
  15. ↑ Dolfman, Michael L., Solidelle F. Wasser (2004). "9/11 and the New York City Economy". Monthly Labor Review 127. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Makinen, Gail (September 27, 2002). "The Economic Effects of 9/11: A Retrospective Assessment" (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Library of Congress. p. 5. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  17. ↑ Hensell, Lesley (December 14, 2001). "Tough Times Loom For Manhattan Commercial Market". Realty Times. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  18. ↑ Parrott, James (March 8, 2002). "The Employment Impact of the September 11 World Trade Center Attacks: Updated Estimates based on the Benchmarked Employment Data" (PDF). The Fiscal Policy Institute. Retrieved September 8, 2006. 
  19. ↑ Fuerst, Franz (September 7, 2005). "Exogenous Shocks and Real Estate Rental Markets: An Event Study of the 9/11 Attacks and their Impact on the New York Office Market". Russell Sage Foundation. Retrieved May 10, 2007. 
  20. ↑ Russell, James S. (November 7, 2004). "Do skyscrapers still make sense? Revived downtowns and new business models spur tall-building innovation.". Architectural Record. Retrieved May 10, 2007. 
  21. ↑ Bhadra, Dipasis; Pamela Texter (2004). "Airline Networks: An Econometric Framework to Analyze Domestic U.S. Air Travel". United States Department of Transportation. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  22. ↑ Gates, Anita (September 11, 2006). "Buildings Rise from Rubble while Health Crumbles". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  23. ↑ "What was Found in the Dust". New York Times. September 5, 2006. Retrieved September 8, 2006. 
  24. ↑ "Toxic dust adds to WTC death toll". msnbc.com. May 24, 2007. Retrieved September 6, 2009. 
  25. ↑ DePalma, Anthony (May 13, 2006). "Tracing Lung Ailments That Rose With 9/11 Dust". The New York Times. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  26. ↑ Shapiro, Rich (September 10, 2007). "Cancer ends his fitness life after toil at the Pit". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  27. ↑ "Updated Ground Zero Report Examines Failure of Government to Protect Citizens". Sierra Club. 2006. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  28. ↑ Smith, Stephen (April 28, 2008). "9/11 "Wall Of Heroes" To Include Sick Cops". CBS News. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  29. ↑ "CCCEH Study of the Effects of 9/11 on Pregnant Women and Newborns" (PDF). World Trade Center Pregnancy Study. Columbia University. 2006. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  30. ↑ Lung Function of 9/11 Rescuers Fell, Study Finds The New York Times April 7, 2010
  31. ↑ DePalma, Anthony (October 18, 2006). "Many Ground Zero Workers Gain Chance at Lawsuits". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2008. 
  32. ↑ Neumeister, Larry (February 2, 2006). "Judge Slams Ex-EPA Chief Over Sept. 11". Associated Press. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on May 24, 2008. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  33. ↑ Heilprin, John (June 23, 2003). "White House edited EPA's 9/11 reports". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved April 12, 2008. 
  34. ↑ Smith, Ben (September 18, 2006). "Rudy's black cloud. WTC health risks may hurt Prez bid". Daily News. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  35. ↑ Sakers, Don (May 2010). "The Reference Library: Book Review of The Science of Fear". New York City: Analog. p. 106. 
  36. ↑ "Testimony of Dale L. Watson, Executive Assistant Director, Counterterrorism/Counterintelligence Division, FBI Before the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence". February 6, 2002. Archived from the original on April 5, 2002. Retrieved September 15, 2009. 
  37. ↑ "National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States". govinfo.library.unt.edu. Retrieved June 17, 2008. 
  38. ↑ Posner, Richard A. (August 29, 2004). "The 9/11 Report: A Dissent". The New York Times. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  39. ↑ Ed Henry (April 26, 2004). "Republicans amplify criticism of 9/11 commission". CNN.com. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  40. ↑ "NIST’s World Trade Center Investigation". National Institute of Standards and Technology. U.S. Department of Commerce. December 14, 2007. Retrieved May 3, 2008. 
  41. ↑ "Final Reports of the Federal Building and Fire Investigation of the World Trade Center Disaster". National Institute of Standards and Technology. United States Department of Commerce. June 8, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2008. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "NIST WTC 7 Investigation Finds Building Fires Caused Collapse". National Institute of Standards and Technology. United States Department of Commerce. August 21, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008. 
  43. ↑ National Construction Safety Team (September 2005). "Executive Summary" (PDF). Final Report on the Collapse of the World Trade Center Towers. United States Department of Commerce. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  44. ↑ Irfanoglu, Ayhan; Hoffmann, Christoph M. (2008). "An Engineering Perspective of the Collapse of WTC-I". Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities 22 (62). 
  45. ↑ Tally, Steve (June 12, 2007). "Purdue creates scientifically based animation of 9/11 attack". Purdue News Service. Retrieved August 29, 2008. 
  46. ↑ Sigmund, Pete (September 25, 2002). "Building a Terror-Proof Skyscraper: Experts Debate Feasibility, Options". Retrieved January 24, 2008. 
  47. ↑ "Translating WTC Recommendations Into Model Building Codes". National Institute of Standards and Technology. October 25, 2007. Retrieved January 24, 2008. 
  48. ↑ "Deep Background". American Conservative. April 1, 2005. Retrieved March 29, 2007. 
  49. ↑ Shrader, Katherine (May 17, 2007). "Senators Want CIA to Release 9/11 Report". San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. Archived from the original on October 17, 2007. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  50. ↑ Taylor, Tess (September 26, 2001). "Rebuilding in New York". Architecture Week. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  51. ↑ Lubell, Sam; Charles Linn (December 5, 2005). "Power Struggle Heats Up While Development Moves Slowly at Ground Zero". Architectural Record. Retrieved September 8, 2006. 
  52. ↑ Buettner, Russ. "Fat cats milked Ground Zero". Daily News. Retrieved September 8, 2006. 
  53. ↑ Bagli, Charles V. (2006-09-22). "An Agreement Is Formalized on Rebuilding at Ground Zero". The New York Times. 
  54. ↑ Dunlap, David W.; Glenn Collins (June 28, 2006). "Revised Design for Freedom Tower Unveiled". The New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2008. 
  55. ↑ Freedom Tower name changed to One World Trade Center Newsday March 26, 2009
  56. ↑ "Talk of delaying WTC towers for decades". Associated Press. April 16, 2009. Retrieved April 19, 2009.  [dead link]
  57. ↑ Oglesby, Christy (September 11, 2002). "Phoenix rises: Pentagon honors 'hard-hat patriots'". CNN. Retrieved June 13, 2008. 
  58. ↑ "Honoring the fallen, From New York to Texas, Americans pay respect to the victims of terrorism". The Dallas Morning News. September 15, 2001. 
  59. ↑ Ahrens, Frank (September 15, 2001). "Sorrow's Legions; Washingtonians Gather With Candles, Prayers And a Shared Grief". Washington Post. 
  60. ↑ "Bush Thanks Canadians for Helping After 9/11". Fox News. December 1, 2004. Retrieved July 21, 2007. 
  61. ↑ Sigmund, Pete (September 26, 2001). "Crews Assist Rescuers in Massive WTC Search". Construction Equipment Guide. Retrieved January 24, 2008. 
  62. ↑ "Tribute in light to New York victims". BBC News. March 6, 2002. Retrieved July 21, 2007. 
  63. ↑ "About the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition". World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition. Retrieved September 12, 2008. 
  64. ↑ "WTC Memorial Construction Begins". CBS News. March 6, 2006. Retrieved July 22, 2007. 
  65. ↑ Dunlap, David (September 25, 2005). "Governor Bars Freedom Center at Ground Zero". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  66. ↑ Miroff, Nick (September 11, 2008). "Creating a Place Like No Other". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 12, 2008. 
  67. ↑ Miroff, Nick (September 11, 2008). "A Long-Awaited Opening, Bringing Closure to Many". The Washington Post (The Washington Post Company). Retrieved September 11, 2008. 
  68. ↑ Dwyer, Timothy (May 26, 2007). "Pentagon Memorial Progress Is Step Forward for Families". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  69. ↑ "DefenseLINK News Photos – Pentagon's America's Heroes Memorial". Department of Defense. Retrieved July 24, 2007. 
  70. ↑ "Sept. 11 Flight 93 Memorial Design Chosen". Fox News. September 8, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2007. 
  71. ↑ "Flight 93 Memorial Project". Flight 93 Memorial Project / National Park Service. Retrieved April 14, 2008. 
  72. ↑ Ganassi, Michelle (August 25, 2008). "NY firefighter donating steel to Shanksville". Daily American. Retrieved August 22, 2008. 
  73. ↑ Gaskell, Stephanie (August 25, 2008). "Pa. site of 9/11 crash gets WTC beam". New York Daily news. Retrieved August 25, 2008. 
  74. ↑ Fessenden, Ford (November 18, 2002). "9/11; After the World Gave: Where $2 Billion in Kindness Ended Up". The New York Times. Retrieved May 21, 2008. 
  75. ↑ Hughes, C.J. (December 16, 2009). "9/11 Families Press Judges on Sifting at Landfill". New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2009. 
  76. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (March 24, 2007). "Landfill Has 9/11 Remains, Medical Examiner Wrote". New York Times. Retrieved December 29, 2009. 
  77. ↑ Auer, Doug (March 27, 2010). "City to sift again for 9/11 remains". Staten Island Advance. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 

External links

Find more about September 11 on Wikipedia's sister projects:
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Source texts from Wikisource
Images and media from Commons
News stories from Wikinews

Multimedia

Memorials

Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.